Sarasvati Bhavan Library MS 40179

This transcription was made from a black and white microfilm of the mauscript, which is held at the Sarasvati Bhavan Library of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University in Varanasi. It extends from the beginning of the Jātisamuddeśa to kārikā 80 of the Sādhanasamuddeśa. It is very close to R; it shares the same surplus passage in the commentary to the first kārikā.

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Title Dravyasamuddeśa
Commentary Prakīrṇaprakāśa
Author Bhartṛhari
Commentator Helārāja
Rubric (folio 1v1)|| śrīgaṇeśāya namaḥ || śrīpataṃjalaye namaḥ || niraṃtaśanas tāvat || śrīr
Incipit (folio 1v1)yasmin saṃmukhatāṃ prayāti ruciraṃ
Explicit (folio 200v10)tam agrahaṇaṃ vā pratyākhyātam iti samāyanodārtha || grāmagamane py aṃtaśabdakṣamūlomasarpaṇam abhiśaktihetam iti
Physical description
Language/Script Sanskrit in Devanāgarī script.
Format pothi
Material paper
Extent 200 folios.
Dimensions
  • (leaf) 16.5 x 34 cm
Foliation
  • (original) Devanāgarī numerals, middle-left margin.
Condition Possibly incomplete.
Layout 10 lines per page. No marginal frame lines.
Hand
  • (major) Devanāgarī script in black ink. The scribe sometimes writes rā as śa and ma as nya. These have been corrected using the <corr> tag.
Additions
  • Some marginal corrections.
Binding An information sheet is afixed on the front board cover.
History
Date of production 19th century
Place of origin India
Acquisition Acquired by the Sampurnanand Sanskrit University.
|| śrīgaṇeśāya namaḥ || śrīpataṃjalaye namaḥ | niraṃnaśayatas nāvat_ || śrīr
yasmin saṃmukhatāṃ prayāti ⸤haviraṃ ko py aṃtarujṛṃbhate
nedīyān mahiyān manasy abhinavaḥ puṃsaḥ prakāśātmanaḥ ||
tṛptiṃ yat paramā ta⸤noti viṣayāsvādaṃ vinā śāśvatīṃ ||
dhīmānaṃda sadhā mayorjita vapus tan prātibhaṃ saṃstumaḥ || 1 ||
⸤kāṃhadvayā yathāvṛtti siddhāṃnārthasatatvataḥ ||
prabaṃdho vihito smābhir āgamārthānusāribhiḥ ||
ta⸤ccheṣabhūte kāṃḍe smin ya prapaṃce svarūpataḥ ||
ślokārthadyotanaparaḥ prakāśo yaṃ vidhīyate ||
yaha padā¦⸤rthāṣṭakavicāraparatvād vākyapadīyasya || prathamakāṃḍena prayojanādipadārthe nirṇīte natarakāṃḍo⸤papāditopapattibhir vākyatadarthayor acākhyoyasthitalakṣaṇayoḥ || padārthayor nirṇītatvāt taḍapa⸤kārakāpoddhārarūpaḥ padavicāraḥ || prakramyate || tatra niyatavikalpo yathābhiprāyam apoddhāra iti ya⸤thāsaṃbhavaṃ padabhedānuddiśati ||
dvidhā kaiściścit padaṃ bhinnaṃ vaturdhā paṃcadhāpi vā ||
apoddhatyaiva vā¦⸤kyebhyo prakṛtipratyayādivat ||
vākyasyaiva niraśasya vāvakatvād aṃtarā padapratipatir vibhrama iti Lkim asatyapadavyutpādananaity āśaṃkyāpoddhatyaiva vākyebhya ity āha || apoddhatya kalpanābudadhyā¦ ⸤prathak padaṃ ṣkaṣyā'khaṃḍavākyavyutpattāv upāyaḥ padavyutpattir vākyapadināṃ || akhaṃḍapadavyutpattā⸤v iva parikalpitarūpaprakṛtipratyayāgamādeśādivyutpattipadavādināṃ || akhaṃḍapadavyuttpattā¦⸤v iva parikalpitarūpaprakṛtipratyayāgamādeśādivyutpatiḥ || padavādināṃ ānantyād dhi vākyānāṃ ⸤svālakṣyenāśakyā vyutpatiḥ || kartum iti sadṛśapadadvārakaṃ tadupapattir ity arthaḥ ||
ubhayor api cāpo⸤ddhatasyāsatyatvaṃ samānaṃ_ tathā hi || anuyatānupūrvīko yathārthaṃ kalpitānvayavyatirekanibaṃdhano ⸤vākyavādināṃ padāpoddhāraḥ || evaṃ padavādinā śāstre py anvayavyatirekanimittārthāpoddhāravaśaprakṛ⸤tipratyayāpoddhāraḥ || yad āha vākyadvārakāraḥ || siddhaṃ tv aṃvyatirekābhyām iti || tatra bhinnatvaṃ sāmānya ⸤dvidhetyādiko viśeṣa iti vidhārthe dhāpratyayopapattiḥ || prakā hi vidhārthaḥ || sarva sāmānyasya bheda¦⸤ko viśeṣaḥ || prakāras sādṛśyam eva sarvatra prakāraḥ || kaiścid iṣyata ity eko yaṃ mataṃ kaiścid iti vacanāt_ Lbhede pi tu prakārākhyā kaiścid abhyupagamyata iti coktaṃ || idi vātra buddhirupaprakalpitaṃ sādṛśyam e⸤va vidhārthaḥ || jñānapratibiṃbitasya hi bāhyānukāritvena sādṛśyaṃ || sarvatra prakārthaḥ || saṃkalpitasa⸤dṛśasyābāhyasyānirvartanāt_ vākyāc cādyoddhiyamāṇasya vākyārthaṃ tarāpaparikalpanayārthavata ⸤evāpoddhāro yuktaḥ || arthāpoddhāra eva hi padāpoddhārasya nimittaṃ animitte hi tasmin varṇāpoddhā⸤rasyāpi prasaṃgāt teṣām api vyutpādyatā syāt_ ||
vākyārthaś ca sthitalakṣaṇo niraṃśaḥ || kārakotkalī⸤naśarīrakriyāsvabhāvaḥ || tatra cāṃśāṃvirakalpanayāpoddhāre kārakātmā kriyātmā aṃ ca pravibhārgā¦⸤rha || iti siddhasādhyalakṣaṇāṃśadvayaviyyayaḥ || padāpoddhāro dvividhaḥ || nāmādhyātahapaṃ prathamakalpi⸤taḥ || śaktiḥ śaktimator abhedāt kārakātmā siddharūpo ṃśaḥ || yady api ca nāmapadānāṃ pratyayārthasya saṃkhyā⸤deḥ || śabdaṃ prādhānyaṃ tathāpy arthata prātipadikārthasva jātyākuritasya tmasyaiva prādhānyaṃ siddharūpasya saṃ⸤khyākārakaśaktīnāṃ tadāśrayasādhanayor eca nāmākhyātayor viśeṣatvāṃn nipātopasargakarmapravaca¦Lnīyalakṣaṇaḥ || padaṃ bhedo jñabhavati
tathā hi siddhārthābhidhāyi nāmapadam iti tadarthagataṃ viśeṣaṃ dyo⸤tayaṃnnipāta || tatraivāṃtarbhavati tathā hi siddhārthaṃ sākṣād vābhividhātu tadṛtaṃ viśeṣaḥ || vā prakāśayatu¦ ⸤trayatā bhedaḥ || svarādayas tu kecit satyapradhānā eveti tyāpi nāmapadam eva tu hirugāpayaḥ || kriyāpradhā¦⸤nā neṣām ākhyāte tarttāḥ || na hi tiṅaṃtam evākhyātaṃ || kriyāpradhānasya sarvasyaitallakṣaṇatvāt || ata e⸤vopasargakarmapravacanīyapadāny āy ākhyātapadam eva || sādhyārthaviśeṣadyotanāt || evaṃ nipāto pi ta⸤dgatanedāṃtaravivakṣayāṃ turiyāhopasargayor api kaiścit pṛthakkaraṇaṃ || tathā hi alpeṃvāpoddhāre rthamātrā⸤viśeṣo nayoḥ || na hy etau sākṣād arthaṃ vadanaḥ || api tu tadgataviśeṣadyotakāv iti vācakābhyāṃ nāmākhyā⸤tābhyāṃ pravimaślau siddhasādhyārtha||viṣayaviśeṣadyotakatvān nipātānā sādhyaikaniyatatvā dyopakā⸤sargāyagaṃ parasparato bhedaḥ || karmapravacanīyās tu kriyāviśeṣopajanitasaṃbaṃdhāvacchedahetava iti saṃbaṃdha⸤viśeṣadyota||tadvāreṇa krayāviśeṣaprakāśanānupasargech edāṃtarbhavaṃtīti caturthaiva kaiścit padaṃ bhi¦Lnnaṃ
sākṣāt kriyāviśeṣaprakāśanābhāvāt tad api paṃcamaṃ padam iti kaiścit tathā hi karma proktavaṃtaḥ karma⸤pravacanīyā iti || atikrāṃtakriyākhyānalakṣasya vyāyāpādasa saṃbhavo bhavatu vartamānasety upa⸤sargebhyo bhedaḥ || kriyāgataviśeṣadyotatapūrvakaṃ hi saṃbaṃdhāvacchedanam atra vartamānaṃ tathā hi sarvaḥ¦ ⸤saṃbaṃdhakriyākṛtarupakārakriyācitatvā tasya kriyām aṃtareṇa upakārā||bhāvāt_ tatra kvacit kriyāśa⸤mṛ śrayate kvacin na yatra śrūyate tatra śrauta eva saṃbaṃdhaviśeṣāvatyāvvaḥ || tac cathā mātuḥ || smarati mātuḥ || smṛtam sarpiṣo jānīta vṛ ityādau kriyā hi || bhāsvavād eva kriyāṃtaravyavadhānam aṃtareṇa dravyai || sayujyate ya⸤smān mātāpitṛviṣaye pravarttate vatiṣṭate vā tasmāhan mātāpitṛsaṃbaṃdhīdaṃ || smāṇam iti kriyākāraka⸤bhāvapūrvaka evāyam api saṃbaṃdha iti varṇayaṃti ||
ayute tu kriyāpade dvayā gatiḥ || kvacit saṃbaṃdhasvarūpa⸤mahimno va kriyākṣapasiddhiḥ pratiniyatakriyā||kārakabhāvapūrvakatvaṃ śeṣasaṃbaṃdhasya vinaiva karmapra⸤vavanīyam avagamyate || tad yathā || upagor apatyaṃ vṛkṣasya śākhotyādāv apatyāpatyavatsaṃbaṃdho janikriyāLnimitto vayavāvayavāvisaṃbaṃdhaśru sthitikriyānimitta || ityādi kvacit tu saṃbaṃdhānāṃ pratiniyata⸤kriyāpūrvakatvāvadhāraṇe nāsti sāmarthyaṃ || tad yathā || etapuruṣa ity utra svasvāmibhāvo bharaṇādyaneka⸤kriyānimitta || ity evāvagamyate kriyāviśeṣo nāvadhāryate || tannimittabhūtaḥ || tathā va tāṣyaṃ || yad eta⸤t svaṃ tāma nac caturneḥ || prakārair bhavati nay_nād apaharaṇāt krayaṇāyāś cayeti nādānādīnāṃ tv ananyatamā⸤vinābhārvat kriyānumītuyata eva kvacic avinābhāvinī || kriyāpi na pratīyate || tathā caivaṃ jātīyake ⸤viṣaye karmapravacanīyo niyataviśiṣṭakriyākvatatvasaṃbaṃdhasya || viśeṣam avagamayati || tad uktaṃ || ja⸤nayitvā kriyā kācit saṃbaṃdhaṃ vinivarttate || śrūyamāṇe kriyāśabde saṃbaṃdho jāyate kvacit || sa vopajā⸤taḥ saṃbaṃdho vinivṛtte kriyāpade || karmapravacanīyena yatra tatra niyamyate iti || niyamāt tasya niyatakri⸤yājanitatvaṃ tathā hi yākalyasya sahitām anu varṣat || iti yo yaṃ saṃhitāpravaṣyaṇayo hertuhetuḥ || madbhā⸤valakṣaṇaḥ saṃbaṃdhaḥ sa ripatakriyājanita ity anunā vedyate || anuniśamyety atrānor niśamayatikri¦Lyāsāhacaryopaladyer iha saṃpāṭharūpatvā || saṃhitāyās tadanumānasyaucityā tatra kriyāvacanatvam a⸤syānyatra dṛṣṭaśakter na kalpyaṃ
dyotyārthaniṣṭaṃ ca dyojakatvam iti || tad api kriyāpadāprayogād atra nāsti na ⸤va kriyāpadākṣepakatvaṃ || yathā prāderśa vipaśilikhatīty atra ve lekhanāsamatvam iti tad api kriyāpa¦⸤dāprayogād atra nāsti na va kriyāpadākṣepakatvaṃ || yathā prāderśa viparinikhati ity atra va lekhanāsamanva⸤yānupatter timātikriyākṣepakatvaṃ kārakavibhakti hy atra prādeśam iti || dvitīyeni yuktas tatpamucci⸤takriyākṣepaka iha tu || saṃhitām iti kṣepakīyaṃ vibhaktir iti kathaṃ kriyākṣepaḥ || kriyākārakayo⸤r eva parasparam ākṣepyā||kṣepakabhāvasyāvināveta nyāpsatvāt_ || tad yathā || praviśa pim ityādau || nāpi ⸤saṃbaṃdhavācitvas annāvoḥ || vibhaktaiva tadabhidhānād iti saṃbaṃdhāvacchedasya prasāyako nānyaḥ || saṃbhavatī⸤ti pāriśeṣyād anor atra sāmānyarthyam adhyavasīyate || tad uktaṃ kriyāyā dyotako nāyaṃ saṃbaṃdhasya na vācakaṃ ⸤nāpi kriyāpadākṣepī saṃbaṃdhasya tana bhedaka iti || bhedako viśeṣa dyotaka ity arthaḥ || ayam atra bhāvaḥ || yaLd ananyarthasiddhaṃ || tatrānor vyāpārakalpanā yuktā yat punar anyathārthasāmarthyāṃdenā sidhyati || na tatra tasya śa⸤ktiḥ || kalpayituṃ pāryate iti padātaśaṇām arthāṃtaraniveśāt saṃbaṃdhaviśeṣasya || tato navagatasya karmapra⸤vacanīyaviṣayatā siddhā nanu va yad atrācikyaṃ vākyārthaḥ || sa iti kriyāviśeṣajanitatvalakṣaṇaḥ || saṃ⸤baṃdhasyāvacchedo vākyārthaḥ || kim iti na kathyate anos tu paśrāt||bhāvamātravṛttitvam eveti ||
atrocyate ⸤ihādhikyaṃ vākyārthatvenocyamāna padārthapṛṣṭapātitvenaivānusaraṇīyaṃ || nanu padārthollaṃghanena tadvākyo⸤pātasya hi sādhyasya vā viśeṣasya vopātrair eva sādhanair viśeṣaṇaiś ca saṃsargas tatrādhikyaṃ || tad yathā || gāṃ śu⸤klām ānayā nīlotpalam iti va ata sa cocyate || āśrayāśrayiṇor vākyā niyamos tv avanichate iti || iyaṃ ⸤vāḍapātasyaiva padārthasya vākyārthān pratītir nāstīti || na saṃbaṃdhāvacchedo trāpadārtho vākyārthaḥ || śakyate ⸤kalpayitu_m iti karmapravacanīyaviṣaya savāyaṃ yad vakṣyati || nimittaniyamaḥ || śakṣat saṃbaṃdhasya na gṛhyate ⸤karmapravacanīcais tu svaviśeṣe vahadhyate iti || atra tava darśatadvayaṃ svarūpeṇaiva || saṃbaṃdhottaravilakṣaṇaḥ karmaLpravacanīyena saṃbaṃdho vachidyate kriyāviśeṣajanitatvena vetti || tatra svarūpeṇāvacchede viśeṣiṣṭa⸤kriyājanitatvapratītiḥ || saṃbaṃdhiviśeṣaparyālocanālabhyā || tathā hi || adhibrahmadatte paṃcālā⸤d atisvasyāślibhāvo yaṃ saṃbaṃdha || ity adhiḍenā vidya brahmadattaś ca svāmīśvaraḥ || paṃcālaś ca janapadaḥ || sva⸤m iti tayo saṃbaṃdhino paripālanakarādānādikriyāprabhāvītavīta ya saṃbaṃdho nyāyya ity avagamyate ⸤savam abhimatyu irjunata pratīti pratinā sīḍasyalakṣaṇo yaṃ saṃbaṃdha || iti dyotyate sa punaḥ || saṃbaṃdhī¦⸤svarūpaparyālocanād atra sahmaharaṇādikriyākṛta iti vagamyate || itthaṃ va śākalyasaṃhitām anu pā⸤rṣad ity atrāpi hetuphalabhāvo nāmāyaṃ saṃbaṃdha ity etā yam anur viśrāmyati pāviśeṣarūpatvaṃ hitāyā ⸤niśamanakriyāvagatiḥ || śabdaśravaṇena hi devo varṣad iti saṃbaṃdhimahimnā || viśiṣṭakriyāpranavi⸤tatvam avasiyate kecid iṣān anor eva vyāpāra ity ā
svade pi va kriyāyāḥ || kāryabhūtasaṃbaṃdhāpekṣasātītvā ⸤karma proktavaṃta ity artha||s tamaṃyety eva vastutaḥ || kriyāphalasyaiva saṃbaṃdhasya prakāśanāt || yathā tu tatrabhaLvat||bhṛtrehare tatra nābhiprāyo lakṣyate || tathā nimittaviśeṣāvaccheda eva karmapravacanīyakṛta iti ⸤siddhāṃtaḥ || acibrahmadatte paṃcālā iti paripālanakriyāhitatvaṃ svasvāmibhāvasyādhinā vyajyate ⸤abhimanyur junataḥ pratīty atra parājayādikṛto nukāryānukaraṇabhāvaḥ || pratinā prakāśyata ityādi ⸤sarvatre yojya sustutam atistutim ityādau tu suḥ || pūjāyām ati itikramaṇe cetyādinā karmapravavanīya⸤saṃjñādhikāriko svārthanirapekṣevopasargasaṃjñāvācanāya pravarttate || yathāktāṃ karmapravavanīyatvaṃ kri⸤yāyoge vidhīyate dyatvādivinityarthaṃ svatyādānāṃ hi dharmmiṇām iti || ārthena tu stūrūpeṇa vibhāge pa⸤stute || kriyāviśeṣā ca dyotakatvād upasargapade svatyādir aṃtarbhabhavātīti nāvyāptiḥ || tad evaṃ vākyād a⸤petriyamāṇasyāpoddhārārthīviśeṣāśrayeṇa yathāsaṃbhavaṃ bhedo niraṃśakavākyavyutpatyupāthabhūtaḥ pradarśa⸤taḥ || ata sava svādipadaṃ vākyavyutpatyanaṃgachāstre saṃketite subaṃtapadavyutpayāyabhūtaṃ neha gaṇanārhaṃ || prakṛ⸤tipratyayavad iti || dṛṣṭāṃtapakṣanikṣiptam iti nāvyāptiḥ || padikrilāsāv apoddhāro na vākyāt ||
tad itthaṃ⸤padāpoddhāre pradarśite tadarthaḥsyāpoddhṛtasya siddhasākayadvayayogino matabhedena svaśarūpepadarśanārtha⸤m āha
padārthānām apoddhāro jātir vā dravyam eva vā ||
padārthai sarvaśabdānāṃ nityāv edoyavarṇito || 2 ||
arthadvā⸤reṇa padaṃ parītyatarati iti darśanedena prathamam apoddhārapadārthavicāraḥ || tathā hi— sarveṣām api śabdānāṃ pada⸤trayāṇāṃ nāmākhyātādi_svabhāvānāṃ jātivādimate jātir evārtho na davyaṃ ravyavādimate tu dravyam eva na⸤jāti_dvitīyena vā śabdena dyadīm ārthāntaraṃ sūcitaṃ jāviviśiṣṭadravyābhidhānam iti || ata sava tad eva saṃ¦⸤kalanārūpaṃ padārthāv iti sphuṭīkṛtam || amathā cārthe prakrānte cārthopasaṃhāro 'yaṃ nopapadyate || tadvad abhidhā⸤ne tv abhidhānaṃ tāvad vapi samānam, viravya vyāpārābhāvāc chabdisya vārthas tu jātidravyayor guṇapradhānabhāvaḥ || ya⸤d vā prādhānyavanaiva bhinnaviṣayatayā pāṇinidarśane jātidravye śabdenābhidhāyaite ity ayam atra pakṣaḥ || padā⸤rthāvisuktaḥ || tatra nāmapadasya gaudi ity āder gotvādijātiniyātakriyāviṣayasādhanaikārthasamavetasaṃkhyā⸤jātiviśeṣaṇabhāvam āpannā abhidheyā manāśrayāyā jāter anupapatteḥ | sāmarthyāt pratītaṃ || dravyāṃ
evam ākhyāta Lpadasyāpi vibhivaktiyākṣaṇasamavettām atrātitātapratyayahetukriyājātiviṣayā sākṣād vācakaśaktiḥ⸤ kārakādijātis tv atra guṇabhūtā nāmapadagatayā ca kārakajātyā kriyājātir ākhyātapadagatā vyaktidvāreṇa⸤samanvayam eti dravyajātis tv ekārthasamavāyāt yādhanaśaktidvāreṇa kriyāyogam anubhavati | saṃkhyājātir apy e⸤kārthasamavāyāt svavyaktamanā śaktimukhenaiva kriyātvayam etīti sarvapadārthasamanvayopapattau kalpate vā⸤kyārthaḥ yathā cotkṣepaṇādikṣaṇair asamasamayabhāvibhir apy āvṛttyātkṣapaṇatvādijātir abhivyajyate tathā⸤adhiśrayaṇādibhiḥ kriyākṣaṇaiḥ pacatyādikriyājātir iti vicārayiṣyate | vyaktedvārakaṃ cāsyā nityā⸤yā api sādhyatvam upapadyate
upasargādir apy atra darśane nāmākhyātasahabhāvī tadarthasya viśeṣāvadyotaka⸤tvāj jātipadārtha sarvaviśeṣasya_ viśiṣṭaviśrāntasyaivāvasāyāt karmapravacanīyo 'pi saṃbandhajātiniṣṭha e⸤va guṇaśabdānām api śuklādīnāṃ_ guṇajātir vācyā saṃjñāśabdānām api_ ḍitthādiśabdānāṃ jātivācitvaṃ⸤samarthayiṣyate_
tad itthaṃ vājapyāyanācāryamatena sārvatrikī jātipadārtha_ vyavasthopapadyatevyāḍimaLte tu sarvaśabdānāṃ dravyam arthaḥ || tasyaiva sākṣāt kriyāsamanvayopapatter vākyārthāntargatayā codanāviṣaya⸤tvāt || yathāha codanāsu ca tasyārambhāti ekajātisamanvayavasena cātra saṃketopapattiḥ || anabhidhīya⸤mānāpi jātir upalakṣaṇīkriyate || śabdārthe yathā gṛhīkṣaukādiḥ || ākhyāte 'pi ca sādhanādhāradravya⸤prādhānyaṃ vyāḍimate devadattaḥ pacatīti dravyeṇaiva sākṣāsāmānādhikarasthopapatteḥ || kriyā tu guṇabhū⸤tātra, vyāyārāviṣṭaṃ hi dravyam ākhyātārthaḥ || idaṃ tad iti sarvanāmapratyavamarśayogyaṃ cātra dravya|| m iti sārvatri⸤kīyaṃ vyavasthā tathā ca vakṣyati dravyadharmā padārthe tu dravye sarvo 'rtha ucyate’ iti ||ata eva śuklādīnām api⸤dravyapadārthatā siddhā |tattadupādhivyavacchinnaṃ || vā brahma dravyaśabdavācyaṃ sarvaśabdānāṃ viṣaya iti vakṣa⸤ta sarvavyaktiparyāyo vā dravyaśabda iti jātivyaktī vikalpena sarvaśabdaviṣayaḥ || tathā ca sarvaśabdānām⸤ity abhidhānāt || padād apy apoddhāre prakṛtipratyayarūpasyāpi śabdasya yathāyogaṃ kriyākārakasaṃkhyā⸤dir apoddhārapadārtho jātivyaktibhedena samāmnātaḥ || utyapasyāpi vā śabdāt pratīter unayaṃna padārthaḥ || guṇaLpradhānabhāvabhedāśrayas tu matavikalpaḥ ||nityatvopavarṇanaṃ ca siddhe śabdārthasaṃbandha ity atra bhāṣye yasmiṃs ta⸤ttvaṃ na vihanyate’ iti dravyasyāpi nityatva pravāhanityatayā śabdāt pradaiva vā pratīteḥ