Provisionary Edition

Bhartṛhari's Jātisamuddeśa, with the Prakīrṇaprakāśa commentary of Helārāja, edited by Charles Li

Edited by Charles Li

This is a provisionary critical edition of the text, currently still under active revision, based on fifteen manuscript witnesses and four printed sources.

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Title Jātisamuddeśa
Incipit
Explicit
Physical description
Language/Script Sanskrit in IAST transliteration.
Format book
Material digital
Extent .
Dimensions
  • (leaf) x cm
  • (written) x cm
Foliation
  • (original)
Condition
Layout X ruled lines per page.
History
Date of production
Place of origin United Kingdom

jātisamuddeśaḥ

prakāśaḥ

yasmin sammukhatāṃ prayāti ruciraḥ* ko 'py antarujjṛmbhate
nedīyān mahimā manasy abhinavaḥ puṃsaḥ prakāśātmanaḥ |
tṛptiṃ yat paramāṃ tanoti viṣayāsvādaṃ vinā śāśvatīṃ
dhāmānanda sudhā mayorjita vapus tat prātibhaṃ saṃstumaḥ || 1 ||
    • Northern manuscripts read ruciraṃ, which does not make sense syntactically.
kāṇḍadvaye yathāvṛtti siddhāntārthasatattvataḥ |
prabandho vihito 'smābhir āgamārthānusāribhiḥ || 2 ||
taccheṣabhūte kāṇḍe 'smin saprapañce svarūpataḥ |
ślokārthadyotanaparaḥ prakāśo 'yaṃ vidhīyate || 3 ||
iha padārthāṣṭakavicāraparatvād vākyapadīyasya prathamakāṇḍena prayojanādipadārthe nirṇīte 'nantarakāṇḍopapāditopapattibhir vākyatadarthayor anvākhyeyasthitalakṣaṇayoḥ* padārthayor nirṇītatvāt tadaupayikā*poddhārarūpa*padavicāraḥ prakramyate | tatrāniyatavikalpo yathābhiprāyam apoddhāra iti yathāsambhavaṃ padabhedānuddiśati―
    • apoddhārapadārthā ye ye cārthāḥ sthitalakṣaṇāḥ | anvākhyeyāś ca ye śabdā ye cāpi pratipādakāḥ (Vākyapadīya 1.24, ed. Subramania Iyer, I, 64).
    • sthitalakṣaṇas tu vākyarūpopagrahaḥ kalpitoddeśavibhāgo viśiṣṭa ekaḥ.... anvākhyeyāś ca ye śabdāḥ | keṣāṃcit_ padāvadhikam anvākhyānaṃ, vākyāvadhikam ekeṣām (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.24, ed. Subramania Iyer, I, 64-65).
    • The northern branch reads tadapoddhārakā॰.
    • The northern branch reads ॰rūpaḥ.
dvidhā kaiścit padaṃ bhinnaṃ caturdhā pañcadhāpi vā |
apoddhṛtyaiva vākyebhyaḥ prakṛtipratyayādivat || 1 ||
vākyasyaiva niraṃśasya vācakatvād antarā padapratipattir vibhrama iti kim asatyena padena vyutpāditene*ty āśaṅkyāpoddhṛtyaiva vākyebhyaḥ ity āha | apoddhṛtya kalpanābuddhyā pṛthak padaṃ niṣkṛṣya |* akhaṇḍavākyavyutpattāv upāyaḥ padavyutpattir vākyavādinām, akhaṇḍapadavyutpattāv iva parikalpitarūpaprakṛtipratyayāgamādeśādivyutpattiḥ padavādinām | ānantyād dhi vākyānāṃ svālakṣaṇyenā*śakyā vyutpattiḥ kartum iti sadṛśapadadvārā* tadupapattir ity arthaḥ |
    • saṃvit saṃvedanam, apoddhārabuddhis tv asyā rūpam ātmā | tato hetoḥ apoddhṛtāḥ pṛthak_kṛtāḥ | ....yadā tu rūpaśabda ākāraparyāyas tadeyaṃ lyab_lope pañcamī | saṃvidaḥ kalpanābuddhe rūpam ākāram āśrityerthaḥ | (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Bhuyodravyasamuddeśa 1, ed. Subramania Iyer 1963, III, i, 183).
    • The northern branch reads asatyapadavyutpādanenety.
    • The northern branch reads svālakṣyeṇā॰, which is glossed in N and B2 as svasvalakṣaṇena. But see the instance of svālakṣaṇyeṇa in the commentary ad 3.1.12 below.
    • The reading ॰dvārakaṃ is extremely well supported here, but difficult to construe grammatically. The reading ॰dvārā appears in a single, southern manuscript, TG, as well as all printed editions. The editor of the editio princeps, KEd, does not seem to have consulted southern manuscripts, and he may have emended his text to read ॰dvārā, which was then carried over by Subramania Iyer into his edition. Subramania Iyer did not have access to TG, and his apparatus shows that all his witnesses except for KTi read ॰dvārakaṃ. In our transcription, KTi also reads ॰dvārakaṃ.
ubhayor api cāpoddhṛtasyāsatyatvaṃ samānam | tathā hi― aniyatānupūrvīko yathārthaṃ kalpitānvayavyatireka*nibandhano vākyavādināṃ padāpoddhāraḥ | evaṃ padavādināṃ śāstrīyā*nvayavyatirekanimittārthāpoddhāravaśaḥ prakṛtipratyayādya*poddhāraḥ | yad āha vākyakāraḥ―
siddhaṃ tv anvayavyatirekābhyām*
iti | tatra bhinnatvaṃ sāmānyam, dvidhetyādiko viśeṣa iti vidhārthe dhāpratyayopapattiḥ* | prakāro hi vidhārthaḥ, sa ca sāmānyasya bhedako viśeṣaḥ* |
sādṛśyam eva sarvatra prakāraḥ kaiścid iṣyate
ity ekīyamatam, kaiścid iti vacanāt |
bhede 'pi tu prakārākhyā kaiścid abhyupagamyate*
ity ukteḥ* | yadi vā atra buddhirūpaprakalpitaṃ sādṛśyam eva vidhārthaḥ | jñānapratibimbitasya hi bāhyānukāritvena sādṛśyaṃ sarvatra prakārārthaḥ, saṃkalpitasādṛśyasya bāhyasya* nirvartanāt | vākyāc cāpoddhriyamāṇasya padasya vākyārthāṃśa*parikalpanayārthavata evāpoddhāro yuktaḥ | arthāpoddhāra eva hi padāpoddhārasya nimittam | animitte hi tasmin varṇāpoddhārasyāpi prasaṅgāt teṣām api vyutpādyatā syāt |
    • siddhaṃ tv anvayavyatirekābhyām (Vārttika 9 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.45, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 219).
    • saṃkhyāyā vidhārthe dhā (Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.3.42).
    • vidhā prakāraḥ, sa ca sarvakriyāviṣaya eva gṛhyate (Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.3.42).
    • sādṛśyam eva sarvatra prakāraḥ kaiścid iṣyate | bhede 'pi tu prakārākhyā kaiścid abhyupagamyate || (Vṛttisamuddeśa 618, ed. Subramania Iyer 1973, 427).
    • sāmānyasya bhedakaḥ viśeṣaḥ prakāraḥ (Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.3.23).
    • kalpitānvayavyatirekavaśena hi śāstrīyārthanirṇayaḥ (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Sādhanasamuddeśa 162, ed. Subramania Iyer, III, i, 365). Quoted in the Paribhāṣenduśekhara of Nāgeśa (ed. Sadasiva Sastri 1931, 40).
    • The southern branch reads parikalpitānvayavyatireka॰, which is adopted by Subramania Iyer. However, see the instance of kaliptānvayavyatireka॰ in the Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Sādhanasamuddeśa 162, and Nāgeśa's quotation of it.
    • The northern branch reads śāstreṇā॰, or śāstre py a॰, but see the parallel in the Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Sādhanasamuddeśa 162.
    • The northern branch reads prakṛtipratyayā॰.
    • There is some support for the reading viśeṣaḥ prakāraḥ here, following the Kāśikāvṛtti.
    • The northern branch reads iti coktam.
    • The northern branch reads ॰ābāhyasyā॰.
    • The northern branch reads vākyārthāntara॰.
vākyārthaś ca sthitalakṣaṇo niraṃśaḥ kārakotkalitaśarīrakriyāsvabhāvaḥ* | tatra cāṃśāṃśikalpanayā'poddhāre kārakātmā kriyātmā cāṃśo vibhāgārha* iti siddhasādhyalakṣaṇāṃśadvayaviṣayaḥ, padāpoddhāro dvividho nāmākhyātarūpaḥ prāthamakalpikaḥ, śaktiśaktimator abhedāt kārakātmā siddharūpo 'ṃśaḥ | yady api ca nāmapadānāṃ pratyayārthasya saṃkhyādeḥ śābdaṃ prādhānyaṃ, tathāpy arthataḥ prātipadikārthasya jātyācchuritasya* dravyasyaiva prādhānyaṃ siddharūpasya, saṃkhyākārakaśaktīnāṃ tadāśrayatvāt | anayor eva ca nāmākhyātayor viśeṣaṇatvān nipātopasargakarmapravacanīyalakṣaṇaḥ padabhedo 'ntarbhavati |
    • yathoditān nimittānuvidhānāt_ tilaśabdena jātyācchuritasya dravyasya pratipādanāt_ tasyaiva sākṣāt_ kriyāyogaḥ | kṛṣṇaśabdena tu guṇācchuritaṃ dravyaṃ na jātyāviṣṭam iva api tu guṇasyeva svabhāvo yasya tad_ vyavahitakriyāsaṃbandhaṃ guṇabhūtam ucyata iti tadviśeṣaṇaṃ viśeṣyāvacchedād atrety arthaḥ | (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Vṛttisamuddeśa 25, ed. Subramania Iyer, III, ii, 161).
    • ‘saṅkocitam’ ity antaṃ kartṛpadam | ‘anubhūta’ ity ādi karmapadam | ‘sā’ iti ātmarūpatā | yatpadena kriyāparāmarśe 'pi kriyāyāḥ kārakotkalitaśarīratvāt_ karaṇasya prakṛtasya parāmarśa ucita eva, na tu vāsanāpekṣam etat_ liṅgaṃ punaḥ saṃskārāpekṣayā puṃnirdeśāntaraprasaṅgāt (Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī, ed. Kaul Shastri 1943, III, 276).
    • And the meaning of the sentence which has a fixed character and has no constitute parts is the action which is characterized by its participants. And when, with reference to it [i.e., an indivisible sentence-meaning], [the word-meanings] are extracted by assuming the part and their possessor, the parts which are possible to analyze are the action and its participants (Honda 1998, 1041).
tathā hi― siddhārthābhidhāyi nāmapadam iti tadarthagataṃ viśeṣaṃ dyotayan nipātas tatraivāntarbhavati | siddhaṃ hy arthaṃ sākṣād vābhidadhātu tadgataṃ viśeṣaṃ vā prakāśayatu, neyatā bhedaḥ | svarādayas tu kecit sattvapradhānā eveti te 'pi nāmapadam eva |* ye tu hirugādayaḥ kriyāpradhānāḥ* teṣām ākhyāte 'ntarbhāvaḥ | na hi tiṅantam evākhyātam, kriyāpradhānasya sarvasyaiva tallakṣaṇatvāt | ata evopasargakarmapravacanīyapadāny apy ākhyātapadam eva, sādhyārthagataviśeṣadyotanāt | evaṃ nipāto 'pi | tadgatabhedāntaravivakṣāyān tu nipātopasargayor api kaiścit pṛthakkaraṇam | tathā hi― asty evāpoddhāre 'rthamātrāviśeṣo 'nayoḥ | na hy etau sākṣād arthaṃ vadataḥ, api tu tadgataviśeṣadyotakāv iti vācakābhyāṃ nāmākhyātābhyāṃ pravibhaktau | siddhasādhyārthaviṣayaviśeṣadyotakatvān nipātānāṃ sādhyaikaniyatatvāc copasargāṇāṃ parasparato bhedaḥ | karmapravacanīyās tu kriyāviśeṣopajanitasaṃbandhāvacchedahetava iti saṃbandhaviśeṣadyotanadvāreṇa kriyāviśeṣaprakāśanād upasargeṣv evāntarbhavantīti caturdhā eva kaiścit padaṃ bhinnam |
    • svarādinipātam avyayam (Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.37, ed Kielhorn 1880, I, 94).
    • kim arthaṃ pṛthag grahaṇaṃ svarādīnāṃ kriyate na cādiṣv eva paṭhyeran | cādīnāṃ vai asattvavacanānāṃ nipātasaṃjñā svarādīnāṃ punaḥ sattvavacanānām asattvavacanānāṃ ca (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.37, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 94).
    • avyayaṃ hi kiṃcid vibhaktyarthapradhānaṃ kiṃcit kriyāpradhānam | uccair nīcair iti vibhaktyarthapradhānaṃ hiruk pṛthag iti kriyāpradhānam (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.47, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 223).
    • svarādīnāṃ sattvavacanatvaṃ svo rohāvaḥ, svar yātaḥ iti sattvasaṃbandhāvyabhicāriṇaḥ karmādibhāvasya dṛṣṭatvāt | ata eva cādiṣv asattvavacaneṣv eṣāṃ pāṭho na kṛtaḥ (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Vṛttisamuddeśa 521, ed. Subramania Iyer, III, ii,382).
sākṣāt kriyāviśeṣaprakāśanābhāvāt tad api pañcamaṃ padam iti kaiścit | tathā hi― karma proktavantaḥ karmapravacanīyā ity atikrāntakriyākhyānalakṣaṇasya vyāpārasyātra saṃbhavaḥ, na tu vartamānasyety upasargebhyo bhedaḥ |* kriyāgataviśeṣadyotanapūrvakaṃ hi saṃbandhāvacchedanam atra vartamānam |* tathā hi sarvaḥ saṃbandhaḥ kriyākṛtaḥ, upakāraprabhāvitatvāt tasya, kriyām antareṇopakārābhāvāt | tatra kvacit kriyāśabdaḥ śrūyate, kvacin na |* yatra śrūyate, tatra śrauta eva saṃbandhaviśeṣāvasāyaḥ, tad yathā mātuḥ smarati, mātuḥ smṛtam, sarpiṣo jānīte ityādau | kriyā hi svabhāvād eva kriyāntaravyadhānam antareṇa dravyaiḥ saṃyujyate | anye tu yasmān mātṛviṣaye pravartate 'vatiṣṭhate vā, tasmān mātṛsaṃbandhīdaṃ smaraṇam iti kriyākārakabhāvapūrvaka evāyam api saṃbandha iti varṇayanti |
    • kim arthaṃ mahatī saṃjñā kriyate | anvarthasaṃjñā yathā vijñāyate | karma proktavantaḥ karmapravacanīyā iti || ke punaḥ karma proktavantaḥ | ye samprati kriyāṃ nāhuḥ | ke ca samprati kriyāṃ nāhuḥ | ye 'prayujyamānasya kriyām āhus te karmapravacanīyāḥ (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.83, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 346).
    • kriyāyā dyotako nāyaṃ na sambandhasya vācakaḥ |nāpi kriyāpadākṣepī sambandhasya tu bhedakaḥ || (Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, 87).
    • ata āha — kriyārūpanāśena tirobhavantī yaṃ sambandham upajanayati tasya nimittabhūtāyāḥ kriyāyāḥ sahacārī vākyāntareṣu viśeṣadṛṣṭasāmarthyaḥ karmapravacanīyaḥ kriyāviśeṣopādānena sambandham avacchinatti | nimittānugrahānugamamātrāyāḥ sambandharūpaṃ niyamayatīti tad etad uttaratrodāhariṣyate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya II.199, ed Subramania Iyer, 238).
    • ata eva karma proktavantaḥ kriyākṛtaṃ viśeṣasambandhaṃ dyotayantīti karmapravacanīyā ucyante (Ṭīkā ad Vākyapadīya II.199, ed. Subramania Iyer, 86).
    • sa ca kriyayopajanitaḥ sambandhas tasminn upajāte yadā kriyāpadaṃ kvacin na śruyate tadā(? kiṃ) kriyājanito 'yaṃ syād iti sandehe karmapravacanīyena tatratatra tasyāṃ kriyāyāṃ niyamyata iti saṃbandhaviśeṣaḥ karmapravacanīyaiḥ pratyāyyate (Ṭīkā ad Vākyapad³iya II.199, ed. Subramania Iyer, 86).
aśrute tu kriyāpade dvayī gatiḥ | kvacit saṃbandhisvarūpamahimnaiva niyatakriyākṣepasiddheḥ pratiniyatakriyākārakabhāvapūrvakatvaṃ śeṣasaṃbandhasya vinaiva karmapravacanīyam avagamyate | tad yathā ― upagor apatyam, vṛkṣasya śākhetyādāv apatyāpatyavatsaṃbandho janikriyānimitto 'vayavāvayavisaṃbandhaś ca sthitikriyānimitta ityādi | kvacit tu saṃbandhānāṃ pratiniyatakriyāpūrvakatvāvadhāraṇe nāsti sāmarthyam | tad yathā ― rājñaḥ puruṣa ity atra svasvāmibhāvo bharaṇādyanekakriyānimitta ity evāvagamyate | kriyāviśeṣas tu nāvadhāryate tannimittabhūtaḥ | tathā ca bhāṣyam ―
yad etat svaṃ nāma tac caturbhiḥ prakārair bhavati, bharaṇād apaharaṇāt krayaṇād yācñayeti |*
dānādīnāṃ tv anyatamāvinābhāvāt kriyā anumīyata eva | kvacit tv avinābhāvinī kriyāpi na pratīyate | tathā caivaṃjātīyake viṣaye karmapravacanīyo niyataviśiṣṭakriyākṛtatvaṃ sambandhasya viśeṣam avagamayati | tad uktam —
janayitvā kriyā kācit saṃbandhaṃ vinivartate |
śrūyamāṇe kriyāśabde saṃbandho jāyate kvacit ||*
sa copajātaḥ saṃbandho vinivṛte kriyāpade |
karmapravacanīyena tatra tatra niyamyata iti ||*
niyamas tasya niyatakriyājanitatvam | tathā hi ― śākalyasya saṃhitām anu prāvarṣad iti* yo 'yaṃ saṃhitāpravarṣaṇayor hetuhetumadbhāvalakṣaṇaḥ sambandhaḥ sa niyatakriyājanita ity anunā vedyate | anuniśamyety atrānor niśamayatikriyāsāhacaryopalabdher iha saṃpāṭharūpatvāt saṃhitāyās tadanumānasyaucityāt tatra kriyāvacanatvam asyānyatrādṛṣṭaśakter na kalpyam |
    • na hi karmādibhyo 'nye 'rthāḥ santi | iha tāvad rājñaḥ puruṣa iti rājñā kartā puruṣaḥ saṃpradānam | vṛkṣasya śākheti vṛkṣaḥ śākhāyā adhikaraṇam | tathā yad etat svaṃ nāma caturbhir etat prakārair bhavati krayaṇād apaharaṇāt yācñāyā vinimayād iti | atra ca sarvatra karmādayaḥ santi (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.3.50, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 463).
    • janayitvā kriyā kācit_ sambandhaṃ vinivartate |śrūyamāṇe kriyāśabde sambandho jāyate kvacit || (Vākyapadīya II.197, ed. Subramania Iyer, 84).
    • sa copajātaḥ sambandho vinivṛtte kriyāpade |karmapravacanīyena tatra tatra niyamyate || (Vākyapadīya II.199, ed. Subramania Iyer, 85; ed. Rau, 76).
    • śākalyasya saṃhitām anu prāvarṣat (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.4.84, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 346).
    • anuśabdo lakṣaṇe dhyotye karmapravacanīyasañjño bhavati | śākalyasya saṃhitām anu prāvarṣat (Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.84).
dyotyārthaniṣṭhaṃ ca dyotakatvam iti tad api kriyāpadāprayogād atra nāsti |* na ca kriyāpadākṣepakatvam, yathā prādeśaṃ viparilikhatīti* | atra ver likhinā samanvayānupapatter mimātikriyākṣepakatvam | kārakavibhaktir hy atra prādeśam iti dvitīyeti yuktas tatsamucitakriyākṣepaḥ | iha tu saṃhitām iti śaiṣikīyaṃ vibhaktir iti kathaṃ kriyākṣepaḥ | kriyākārakayor eva parasparam ākṣepyākṣepakabhāvasyāvinābhāvena nyāyyatvāt | tad yathā praviśa piṇḍīm ityādau |* nāpi sambandhavācitvam atrānoḥ, vibhaktyaiva tadabhidhānād iti sambandhāvacchedasya pratyāyako nānyaḥ sambhavatīti pāriśeṣyād anor atra sāmarthyam adhyavasīyate | tad uktam―
kriyayā dyotako nāyaṃ sambandhasya na vācakaḥ
nāpi kriyāpadākṣepī sambandhasya tu bhedakaḥ ||* iti |
bhedako viśeṣadyotaka ity arthaḥ |* ayam atra bhāvaḥ | yad ananyathāsiddhaṃ tatrānor vyāpārakalpanā yuktā | yat punar anyathā arthasāmarthyādinā nimittena sidhyati na tatra tasya śaktiḥ kalpayituṃ pāryata iti padāntarāṇām arthāntaraniveśāt sambandhaviśeṣasya tato 'navagatasya karmapravacanīyaviṣayatā siddhā | nanu ca yad atrādhikyaṃ vākyārthas sa iti* kriyāviśeṣajanitatvalakṣaṇaḥ saṃbandhasyāvacchedo vākyārthaḥ kim iti na kathyate | anos tu paścādbhāvamātravṛttitvam eveti |
    • na tāvad rūpavirodhān niśamayatīti kriyādyotako 'yam anuḥ, sati dyotye dyotakasya sambhavāt (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, 240)
    • yadi evaṃ ver api karmapravacanīyasaṃjñā vaktavyā | ver api nighāto neṣyate | prādeśaṃ prādeśaṃ viparilikhati | asty atra viśeṣaḥ | nātra ver likhim prati kriyāyogaḥ | kiṃ tarhi | aprayujyamānam | prādeśaṃ prādeśaṃ vimāya parilikhatīti (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.84, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 346-347).
    • tathā ca prādeśaṃ vimāya parilikhatīti kriyāpadāntareṇa yogāt_ kriyāpadākṣepiṇo ver likhati pratyanupasargatvād asaty api karmapravacanīyatve na bhavati nighātaḥ (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya II.200, ed. Subramania Iyer, 239).
    • ‘prādeśaṃ prādeśaṃ viparilikhati’ iti (ma. bha. 1.346.24) kriyāntaraprayogaṃ cāntareṇa prayogo bhāṣye | prādeśenāsau vimāya likhatīti (Dīpikā ad Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.37, ed. Bhagavat & Bhate, 7).
    • athavā dṛśyante hi vākyeṣu vākyaikadeśān prayuñjānāḥ padeṣu ca padaikadeśān | vākyeṣu tāvad vākyaikadeśān | praviśa piṇḍīm_ praviśa tarpaṇam | padeṣu padaikadeśān | devadatto dattaḥ satyabhāmā bhāmeti (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.45, ed. Kielhorn 1880, 111).
    • kriyāyā dyotako nāyaṃ sambandhasya na vācakaḥ |nāpi kriyāpadākṣepī sambandhasya tu bhedakaḥ (Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, 87).
    • pratipadikārthaliṅgaparimāṇavacanamātre prathamālakṣaṇe padasāmānādhikaraṇye upasaṃkhyānaṃ kartavyam | vīraḥ puruṣaḥ | kiṃ punaḥ kāraṇaṃ na sidhyati | adhikatvāt | vyatiriktaḥ prātipadikārtha iti kṛtvā prathamā na prāpnoti | kathaṃ vyatiriktaḥ | puruṣe vīratvam || na vā vākyārthatvāt || 2 || na vā vaktavyam | kiṃ karaṇam | vākyārthatvāt | yad atrādhikyaṃ vākyārthaḥ saḥ (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.3.46, ed. Kielhorn 1880, 461-462).
    • iha yena śabdena kriyāpadasyākṣepaḥ kriyate sa kārakavibhaktyā yujyate iti dṛśyate | yathā ― prādeśaṃ viparilikhatīti | atra viśabdo mānakriyāyā ākṣepakaḥ prādeśaṃ vimāya parilikhatīty arthāvagateḥ | tato vimānakriyayātra prādeśalakṣaṇaṃ karmākṣiptam iti tasya kārakvibhaktyaiva dvitīyayā yogaḥ (Ṭīkā ad Vākyapadīya II.200, ed. Subramania Iyer, 86).
    • nāpi prādeśaṃ ‘viparilikhati’ ity ādau viśabdavat_ kriyāpadasyākṣepakaḥ (Ṭīkā ad Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, 88).
    • tathā sati prādeśaṃ viparilikhatīty atra ver iva vimānakriyākṣepeṇa karmataiva syāt | prādeśaṃ vimāya parilikhatīti hi tatrārthaḥ (Prameyasaṃgraha ad Vākyapadīya II.200, ed. Rau, 38).
    • viśiṣṭakriyājanito 'yaṃ sambandha iti sambandhasya bhedako viśeṣakaḥ karmapravacanīyaḥ (Ṭīkā ad Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, 88).
atrocyate― ihādhikyaṃ vākyārthatvenocyamānaṃ padārthapṛṣṭhapātitvenaivānusaraṇīyam, na tu padārthollaṅghanena | tattadvākyopāttasya hi sādhyasya vā viśeṣyasya vopāttair eva sādhanair viśeṣaṇaiś ca saṃsargas tatrādhikyam | tad yathā― gāṃ śuklām ānaya, nīlotpalam iti ca | ata evocyate―
āśrayāśrayiṇor vākyān niyamas tv avatiṣṭhate ||* iti |
itthaṃ cānupāttasyaiva padārthasya vākyāt pratītir nāstīti na saṃbandhāvacchedo 'trāpadārtho vākyārthaḥ śakyate kalpayitum iti karmapravacanīyaviṣaya evāyam | yad vakṣyati―
nimittaniyamaḥ śabdāt saṃbandhasya na gṛhyate |
karmapravacanīyais tu sa viśeṣe 'varudhyate ||* iti |
atra ca darśanadvayam― svarūpeṇaiva saṃbandhāntaravilakṣaṇaḥ karmapravacanīyena saṃbandho 'vaccchidyate, kriyāviśeṣajanitatvena* veti | tatra svarūpeṇāvacchede viśiṣṭakriyājanitatvapratītiḥ sambandhiviśeṣaparyālocanālabhyā | tathā hi― adhi brahmadatte pañcālāḥ iti* svasvāmibhāvo 'yaṃ sambandha ity adhinā vedyate | brahmadattaś ca svāmīśvaraḥ, pañcālāś ca janapadaḥ svam iti tayoḥ sambandhinoḥ paripālanakarādānādikriyāprabhāvita evāyaṃ sambandho* nyāyya ity avagamyate | evam abhimanyur arjunataḥ pratīti* pratinā sādṛśyalakṣaṇo 'yaṃ sambandha iti dyotyate | sa punaḥ sambandhisvarūpaparyālocanād atra saṃpraharaṇādikriyākṛta ity avagamyate | itthaṃ ca śākalyasya saṃhitām anu prāvarṣad ity atrāpi hetuphalabhāvo nāmāyaṃ sambandha ity etāvaty evāyam anur viśrāmyati | pāṭhaviśeṣarūpatvāt saṃhitāyā niśamanakriyāvagatiḥ | śabdaśravaṇena hi devo 'varṣad iti sambandhamahimnā viśiṣṭakriyāprabhāvitatvam avasīyate | kecid iyān anor eva vyāpāra ity āhuḥ |
    • āśrayāśrayiṇor vākyān niyamas tv avatiṣṭhate (Jātisamuddeśa 75, ed. Subramania Iyer, 80).
    • nimittaniyamaḥ śabdāt saṃbandhasya na gṛhyate |karmapravacanīyais tu viśeṣo 'varudhyate || (Sādhanasamuddésa 158, ed. Rau, 146). Subramania Iyer reads viśeṣe (III, i, 358).
    • nāpi niśamayatikriyopajanitasya sambandhasya vācakaḥ, sambandhasyānupayoge sambandhāntare śeṣaviṣayavibhaktidarśanāt | tasmād anyaprakārāsambhavād ayaṃ niśamayatikriyopajanitaṃ sambandham avacchinatti (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya II.204, ed. Subramania Iyer, II, 240).
    • vṛṣḳaṃ prati vidyotate vidyud iti | atra vṛḳso lakṣaṇam, vidyotamānā vidyul lakṣyā; sā hi vṛkṣaṃ prāpya vidyotata iti tayoḥ prāptikriyājanito 'tra lakṣyalakṣaṇabhāvaḥ sambandhaḥ pratiśabdena dyotyate | sādhur devadatto mātaraṃ pratīti | pratinā devadattasya mātṛviṣayā sādhubhāvāpattir ākhyāyate | atrāpi mātaraṃ prāpya sādhubhāvāpattir iti prāptikriyājanita eva mātuḥ sādhubhāvāpatteś ca viṣayaviṣayibhāvalakṣaṇaḥ sambandhaḥ pratinā''khyāyate | yad atra mām ity ādi | yo bhāgo mām abhibhajate sa dīyatām ity arthaḥ | atrāpi vibhajanakriyājanitaḥ svīkārakriyājanito vā svasvāmibhāvaḥ sambandhaḥ (Nyāsa ad Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.90, ed. Shastri 1965, 621).
    • yasya ca īśvaravacanam iti kartṛnirdeśaḥ ced antareṇa vacanaṃ siddham | adhi brahmadatte pañcālāḥ (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.3.9).
    • adhir īśvare || tad ayaṃ svasvaāmisambandha iti | paripālanādikriyājanito 'tra sambandhaḥ (Nyāsa ad Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.95, ed. Shastri 1965, 627).
    • pratinidhiviṣaye pratidānaviṣaye ca pratiḥ karmapravacanīyasañjño bhavati | abhimanyur arjunataḥ prati (Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.92).
    • prādaya eva kriyāviśeṣajanitasaṃbandhāvacchedahetavaḥ karmapravacanīyāḥ; yad āha— kriyāviśeṣajanyānāṃ saṃbandhānāṃ prakāśane |karmapravacanīyāḥ syur nimittam avadhāritāḥ || iti (Śṛṅgāraprakāśa I, ed. Subrahmanya Sastri 1939, 18.).
    • karmapravacanīyāḥ punar nipātavat_ dyotakā eva | tad āha— kriyāviśeṣajanyānāṃ saṃbandhānāṃ prakāśane |karmatvaṃ karaṇatvaṃ ca bhedenaivāśritaṃ katham || (Śṛṅgāraprakāśa V, ed. Josyer 1955, 186.).
svarūpāvacchede 'pi ca kriyāyāḥ kāryabhūtasambandhāpekṣayātītatvāt karma proktavanta ity arthas samanvety eva, vastutaḥ kriyāphalasyaiva sambandhasya prakāśanāt | yathā tu tatrabhavadbhartṛhares tatra tatrābhiprāyo lakṣyate, tathā nimittaviśeṣāvaccheda* eva karmapravacanīyakṛta iti rāddhāntaḥ | adhi brahmadatte pañcālā iti paripālanakriyāhitatvaṃ svasvāmibhāvasyādhinā vyajyate | abhimanyur arjunataḥ pratīty atra parājayādikṛto 'nukāryānukaraṇabhāvaḥ pratinā prakāśyata* ityādi sarvatra yojyam | sustutam atistutam ityādau tu―
suḥ pūjāyām*
atir atikramaṇe ca*
ityādinā karmapravacanīyasaṃjñādhikārikī svārthanirapekṣaivopasargasaṃjñābādhanāya pravartate |* yathoktam―
karmapravacanīyatvaṃ kriyāyoge vidhīyate |
ṣatvādivinivṛttyarthaṃ svatyādīnāṃ vidharmaṇām ||* iti |
ārthena tu rūpeṇa vibhāge prastute kriyāviśeṣāvadyotakatvād upasargapade svatyādir antarbhavatīti nāvyāptiḥ | tad evaṃ vākyād apoddhriyamāṇasya padasyāpoddhārārthaviśeṣāśrayeṇa yathāsambhavaṃ bhedo niraṃśakavākyavyutpattyupāyabhūtaḥ pradarśitaḥ | ata eva svādipadaṃ vākyavyutpattyanaṅgatvāc chastre saṅketitaṃ subantapadavyutpattyupāyabhūtaṃ neha gaṇanārhaṃ prakṛtipratyayavad iti dṛṣṭāntapakṣanikṣiptam iti nāvyāptiḥ, padāt kilāsāv apoddhāro na vākyāt || 1 ||
    • so 'rjunam anukarotīty atrānukaraṇakriyājanitaḥ sambandhaviśeṣo 'nukāryānukaraṇabhāvaḥ pratinā dyotyate (Nyāsa ad Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.92, ed. Shastri 1965, 623).
    • suḥ pūjāyām (Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.94).
    • atir atikramaṇe ca (Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.95).
    • yady api anvarthasaṃjñākaraṇāt_ karmapravacanīyasaṃjñānumīyate saṃjñiṣu śabdapravṛttinimittasannidhānaṃ tathāpi prasaṅgalakṣaṇaviṣayāpatter avidhyamānapravṛttinimittavyāpārasvarūpamātranibandhanāsvatyādīnāṃ saṃjñāntarabādhanārthā karmapravacanīyasaṃjñā vidhīyate | tena gatyupasargasaṃjñāśrayanighātādikāryaṃ na pravartate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 2.202, ed. Subramania Iyer, II, 239).
    • karmapravacanīyatvaṃ kriyāyoge vidhīyate |ṣatvādivinivṛttyarthaṃ svatyādīnāṃ vidharmaṇām || (Vākyapadīya 2.202, ed. Rau, 76).
    • atra tv a⸤pratiṣṭhā ayajann ity arthaḥ nimittaviśeṣāvachedakā evaite | adhi brahmadatte paṃcālā iti (Prameyasaṃgraha ad Vākyapadīya 2.204, ed. Rau, 38).
tad itthaṃ padāpoddhāre pradarśite tadarthasyāpoddhṛtasya siddhasādhyarūpadvayayogino matabhedena svarūpopadarśanārtham āha —
padārthānām apoddhāre jātir vā dravyam eva vā |
padārthau sarvaśabdānāṃ nityāv evopavarṇitau || 2 ||
arthadvāreṇa padaṃ parīkṣyata iti darśanabhedena prathamam apoddhārapadārthavicāraḥ | tathā hi— sarveṣām api śabdānāṃ padarūpāṇāṃ nāmākhyātādisvabhāvānāṃ jātivādimate jātir evārtho na dravyam | dravyavādimate tu dravyam eva na jātiḥ | dvitīyena vāśabdena padārthāntaraṃ sūcitaṃ jātiviśiṣṭadravyābhidhānam iti* | ata eva tad eva saṃkalanārūpaṃ padārthav iti sphuṭīkṛtam | anyathā vārthe prakrānte cārthopasaṃhāro 'yaṃ nopapadyate | tadvadabhidhāne tv abhidhānaṃ tāvad dvayor api samānam, viramya vyāpārābhāvāc chabdasya | ārthas tu jātidravyayor guṇapradhānabhāvaḥ |* yad vā prādhānyenaiva bhinnaviṣayatayā pāṇinidarśane jātidravye śabdenābhidhīyeta ity ayam atra pakṣaḥ padārthav ity uktaḥ | tatra nāmapadasya gaur ity ādeḥ gotvādijātiḥ niyatakriyāviṣayasādhanaikārthasamavetasaṃkhyājātiviśeṣabhāvam āpannā abhidheyā | anāśrayāyā jāter anupapatteḥ,* sāmarthyāt pratītaṃ dravyam |
    • śṛṅgaromaśaphadīnāṃ prayojakānām aprayojakānām asannidhye 'pi gośabdasya mukhyā pravṛttiḥ | nanu (?) gotvena pratyaye tu jātiviśiṣṭe jātyāśraye dravye vartate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 2.160, ed Subramania Iyer, II, 224).
    • na hy ākṛtipadārthakasya dravyaṃ napadārthaḥ | dravyapadārthakasya vā ākṛtir na padārthaḥ | ubhayor ubhayaṃ padārthaḥ | kasya cit tu kiñcit pradhānabhūtaṃ kiñcit guṇabhūtam | ākṛtipadārthakasya ākṛtiḥ pradhānabhūtā dravyaṃ guṇabhūtam | dravyapadārthakasya dravyaṃ pradhānabhūtam ākṛtir guṇabhūtā (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.64).
    • vidhau vā pratiṣedhe vā brāhmaṇatvādi sādhanam |vyaktyāśritāśritā jāteḥ saṃkhyājātir viśeṣikā || (Jātisamuddeśa 28, ed. Rau 1977, 108)
evam ākhyātapadasyāpi vibhinnakriyākṣaṇasamavetābhinnābhidhānapratyayahetukriyājātiviṣayā sākṣādvācakaśaktiḥ | kārakādijātis tv atra guṇabhūtā | nāmapadagatayā ca kārakajātyā kriyājātir ākhyātapadagatā vyaktidvāreṇa samanvayam eti | dravyajātis tv ekārthasamavāyāt sādhanaśaktidvāreṇa kriyāyogam anubhavati | saṃkhyājātir apy ekārthasamavāyāt svavyaktyātmanā śaktimukhenaiva kriyānvayinīti sarvapadārthasamanvayopapattau kalpate vākyārthaḥ | yathā cotkṣepaṇādikṣaṇair asamasamayabhāvibhir apy āvṛttyā bhramaṇatvādijātir abhivyajyate,* tathā'dhiśrayaṇādibhiḥ kriyākṣaṇaiḥ pacatyādikriyājātir iti vicārayiṣyate | vyaktidvārakaṃ cāsyā nityāyā api sādhyatvam upapadyate |
    • yathākṣepaviśeṣe 'pi karmabhedo na gṛhyate | āvṛttau vyajyate jātiḥ karmabhir bhramaṇādibhiḥ || (Vākyapadīya 2.20, ed. Rau 1977 58).
    • ākṣepaviśeṣād dhi svajātiprayukte bhinnātmani pratibhedaṃ viniviṣṭasvajātiviśeṣe bhramaṇādau karmaṇi kampanarecanotkṣepaṇādibhyo yo bhedaḥ sa na gṛhyate | āvṛttau tu digviśeṣāv adhisaṃyogavibhāgopādhikāyām upalabdhāyām anupalabdhapūrvā 'vyaktopalabdhā vā bhramaṇarecanākhyā jātirūpalabdhṛṇāṃ svanimittapratyayahetuḥ sampadyate | tathaiva yāvat_ sadṛśāni jātyupavyañjanāni tāvad atyantabhinno 'py arthaḥ sarva eva sārūpyeṇa gṛhyate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 2.20, ed. Subramania Iyer, III, i, 201-202).
    • yathaivotkṣepaṇabhramaṇarecanādīnām utpannāpavargiṇāṃ karmaviśeṣāṇāṃ na ca tāvad avayavaiḥ karmāntaram avayavisthānīyaṃ kiṃcid ārabhyate na ca karmatvavyatirekeṇotkṣepaṇatvādīnāṃ jātiviśeṣāṇāṃ samavāyo nābhyupagamyate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.23, ed. Subramania Iyer, I, 54).
upasargādibhir apy atra darśane nāmākhyātasahabhāvī tadarthasya viśeṣāvadyotakatvāj jātipadārtha eva, viśeṣasya viśiṣṭaviśrāntasyaivāvasāyāt | karmapravacanīyo 'pi saṃbandhajātiniṣṭha eva | guṇaśabdānām api śuklādīnāṃ guṇajātir vācyā |* saṃjñāśabdānām api ḍitthādiśabdānāṃ jātivācitvaṃ samarthayiṣyate |*
    • śuklādiṣu tarhi vartyabhāvād vṛttir na prāpnoti | śuklatvaṃ śuklateti | kiṃ punaḥ kāraṇaṃ śuklādaya evodāhriyante | na punar vṛkṣādayo 'pi vṛkṣatvaṃ vṛkṣateti | asty atra viśeṣaḥ | ubhayavacanā hy ete dravyaṃ cāhur guṇaṃ ca | yato dravyavacanās tato vṛttir bhaviṣyati | ime 'pi tarhi ubhayavacanāḥ (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.1.119).
    • yato dravyavacanās tato vṛttir bhaviṣyati | ḍitthādiṣu tarhi varttyabhāvād vṛttir na prāpnoti | ḍitthatvaṃ ḍitthatā ḍāmbhiṭṭā ḍāmbhiṭṭatvam iti | kaścit prāthamakalpiko ḍittho ḍāmbhiṭṭaś ca | tena kṛtāṃ kriyāṃ guṇān vā yaḥ kaścit karoti sa ucyate | ḍitthatvaṃ ta etat | ḍāmbhiṭṭatvaṃ ta etat | evaṃ ḍitthāḥ kurvanti | evaṃ ḍāmbhiṭṭāḥ kurvanti | (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.1.119).
tad itthaṃ vājapyāyanācāryamatena sārvatrikī jātipadārthavyavasthopapadyate | vyāḍimate tu sarvaśabdānāṃ dravyam arthaḥ, tasyaiva sākṣāt kriyāsamanvayopapatter vākyārthāṅgatayā codanāviṣayatvāt | yathāha— codanāsu ca tasyārambhād* iti | ekajātisamanvayavaśena cātra saṃketopapattiḥ |* anabhidhīyamānāpi jātir upalakṣaṇīkriyate śabdārthe, yathā gṛhādau kākādiḥ |* ākhyāte 'pi ca sādhanādhāradravyaprādhānyaṃ vyāḍimate | devadattaḥ pacatīti dravyeṇaiva sākṣāt sāmānādhikaraṇyopapatteḥ | kriyā tu guṇabhūtātra, vyāpārāviṣṭaṃ hi dravyam ākhyātārthaḥ | idaṃ tad iti sarvanāmapratyavamarśayogyaṃ cātra dravyam iti* sārvatrikīyaṃ vyavasthā | tathā ca vakṣyati—
dravyadharmā padārthe tu dravye sarvo 'rtha ucyata iti |*
ata eva śuklādīnām api dravyapadārthatā siddhā |* tattadupādhivyavacchinnaṃ vā brahma dravyaśabdavācyaṃ sarvaśabdānāṃ viṣaya iti vakṣyata eva |* vyaktiparyāyo vā dravyaśabda iti jātivyaktivikalpena sarvaśabdaviṣayaḥ | tathā ca sarvaśabdānām ity abhidhānāt padād apy apoddhāre prakṛtipratyayarūpasyāpi śabdasya yathāyogaṃ kriyākārakasaṃkhyādir apoddhārapadārtho jātivyaktibhedena samāmnātaḥ | ubhayasyāpi vāśabdāt pratīter ubhayaṃ padārthaḥ | guṇapradhānabhāvabhedāśrayas tu matavikalpaḥ | nityatvopavarṇanaṃ ca siddhe śabdārthasaṃbandha ity atra bhāṣye —
yasmiṃs tattvaṃ na vihanyata iti |*
dravyasyāpi nityatvam, pravāhanityatayā* śabdāt sadaiva pratīteḥ || 2 ||
    • codanāsu ca tasyārambhāt (Vārttika ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.64).
    • codanāsu ca tasyārambhān manyāmahe dravyam abhidhīyate iti | gaur anubandhyo 'jo 'gnīṣomīya iti | ākṛtau coditāyāṃ dravye ārambhaṇālambhanaprokṣaṇaviśasanādīni kriyate | (Mahābhāṣya ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.64).
    • teṣām atyantanānātvaṃ nānātvavyavahāriṇaḥ | akṣādīnām iva prāhur ekajātisamanvayāt || (Vākyapadīya II.405).
    • adhruveṇa nimittena devadattagṛhaṃ yathā | gṛhītaṃ gṛhaśabdena śuddham evābhidhīyate || (Dravyasamuddeśa 3).
    • idaṃ tarhi sarvanāmapratyavamarśayogyo yo 'rthas tadā dravyam iti | tathā coktam — vastūpalakṣanaṃ yatra sarvanāma prayujyate | dravyam ity ucyate so 'rtho bhedyatvena vivakṣitaḥ || (Nyāsa ad Kāśikāvṛtti ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.4.57, ed. Shastri 1965, 591).
    • yaś ca svatantraḥ padārthaḥ sa dharmīty abhidhīyate | tac ca idaṃ tad iti sarvanāmapratyavamarśayogyatvād dravyam || (Laghuvṛtti ad Kāvyālaṅkārasārasaṃgraha 3.3).
    • dravyadharmā padārthe tu dravye sarvo 'rtha ucyate (Jātisamuddeśa 13).
    • tad api nityaṃ yasmiṃns tattvaṃ na vihanyate (Mahābhāṣya Paspaśāhnika, ed. Kielhorn, I. 7).
    • tatra kṣaṇikavādinām avicchedena pravṛttir yā sā nityatā (Dīpikā ad Mahābhāṣya Paspaśāhnika, ed. Bronkhorst 1987, 23).
    • gṛhaṃ yatrāsau kākaḥ prativasatīty atra niyatasvāmikagṛhopalakṣaṇāyopalakṣaṇabhūtasya kākasyotpatite 'pi, tasminn upalakṣaṇasya kṛtatvād adhruvatvam anityatvam iti | tadanādareṇaiva tadupalakṣitaṃ gṛham abhidhīyate gṛhaśabdena yathā tathā prakṛtisaṃbandhād asatyopādhyupalakṣitaṃ satyam upādhirūpānādareṇa śabdair abhidhīyata ity anabhidhīyamānasyāpy abhidhānaviṣayaniyāmakatvād upalakṣaṇatve saty upādhitvaṃ nidarśanena samarthitam (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Dravyasamuddeśa 3).
    • teṣāṃ śuklādiguṇeṣv apy adhyāropāt te 'pi dravyasyeva dharmo yeṣām iti dravyadharmāṇaḥ (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Jātisamuddeśa 13).
    • evaṃ tena tena rūpeṇa brahmaiva vikalpitaṃ bhavatīti sarvaśabdānāṃ tattadupādhimukhaṃ tad eva viṣayaḥ siddhaḥ (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Dravyasamuddeśa 8).
tad evaṃ darśanabhedena jātir dravyaṃ vā padārtha ity ukte jātipadārthaviṣayaśāstropayogī vicāro 'tra samuddeśe | padasya hi parīkṣārtham idaṃ kāṇḍam, arthadvāreṇa ca padaparīkṣā, vākyārthaupayikatvena ca tadvicāra iti jātipadārthanaye vākyārthabhūtayā ākhyātapadavācyayā kriyayā kathaṃ samanvayaḥ | sādhanena hi kriyā anveti, na ca jātiḥ sādhanam | tadāśrayaḥ sādhanam iti cet | evam api jāteḥ sākṣāc chabdena coditatvāt sāmarthyāt, tadādhārapratipattau yathācoditānuṣaṅga iti,
asaṃbhave pratinidhir mā bhūn nityasya karmaṇaḥ |
kāmyasya vā pravṛttasya lopa ity apadiśyate ||
iti pratinidhyanupapattir ity āśaṅkya tatsamarthanam āha —
keṣāñcit sāhacaryeṇa jātiḥ śaktyupalakṣaṇam |
khadirādiṣv aśakteṣu śaktaḥ pratinidhīyate || 3 ||
tad evam etad anantarakāṇḍe darśanadvayam upapāditam iti yathāsaṃbhavaṃ pratinidhiś carcitaḥ | idānīṃ jātau śabdenābhidhīyamānāyāṃ tatra jātyantarābhāvān nirnimittā śabdasya pravṛttir āyātety āśaṅkyopapādayitum āha―
svā jātiḥ prathamaṃ śabdaiḥ sarvair evābhidhīyate |
tato 'rthajātirūpeṣu tadadhyāropakalpanā || 6 ||*
    • smras paḥi sgra kyaṅ ḥdus pa ni | rigs ni ḥjug par ḥgyur ba ste | gcig bu yan lag med paḥi sgra | blo yis rigs su bsdu ba ḥo (Āryalaṅkāvatāravṛtti quoted in Nakamura 1955, 127).
svā asādhāraṇī ātmīyā gośabdatvādikā, na tu sakalaśabdasādhāraṇī śabdatvādiḥ | evaṃ cāsādhāraṇatvena viśeṣaṇāt tayā saṃbandhāvyabhicāraḥ śabdasyārthajātyā saṃbandhavyabhicāre 'pīti svā jātir eva mukhyam abhidheyam ity uktaṃ bhavati | tathā ca vākyakāraḥ―
na vā śabdapūrvako hy arthe saṃpratyayaḥ*
iti | ata evāvyabhicāriṇyāḥ svarūpajāter arthajātyabhidhāne śabdasya nāntarīyakam abhidhānam iti prathamam ity āha | yadabhedena yatpratipattiḥ tad avaśyaṃ tatra pratipattavyam ity etāvatātra prāthamyam, na tu krameṇābhidhānāt | yad vā sambandhavyutpattikālāpekṣaṃ prāthamyam | tathā hi― sambandhavyutpattikāle 'rthajātyā nāsti sambandhaḥ |* tathātve vācakatvena tatra viniyogo 'narthakaḥ syāt, arthasya pratipannatvād iti so 'rthas tāvat tena śabdena na pratipannaḥ | yadi ca svajātyabhidhānaṃ tadānīṃ na syāt, tadānarthakatvād vibhaktiyogo na syād iti |*
prāk saṃjñinābhisambandhāt saṃjñā rūpapadārthikā*
ity uktam | rūpaṃ hi svarūpaṃ svā jātir vā, darśanabhedena kathyate | sarvaiḥ iti | svarūpaparair arthaparaiś ca, tasyā eva svarūpatayā vyavahārāt | tathā'vyutpannair api śabdair avinābhāvāc chabdasvarūpatvenāvasthitā jātiḥ pratipādyate | arthasya jhaṭity eva śabdasvarūpābhedenāvabodhe 'pi yathāpratipāditakramāśrayeṇa tataḥ svajātipratyāyanād anantaram arthajātīnāṃ gotvādīnām ātmasu tasyāḥ śabdajāteḥ samāropasya kalpanā na paramārthaḥ, śabdavivartatvenārthasya śabdāt tattvato bhedābhāvāt |
    • na vā śabdapūrvako hy arthe sampratyayas tasmād arthanivṛttiḥ (Vārttika 2 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.68, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 175).
    • yāvat saṃjñinā tu saṃjñā na saṃbaddhā tāvan na saṃjñipadārthikety arthāntarābhāve tasyāḥ prātipadikasaṃjñābhāvād vibhaktiyogo na syāt (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.66, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 125).
    • prāksaṃjñinābhisaṃbandhāt_ saṃjñā rūpapadārthikā | ṣaṣṭhyaś ca prathamāyāś ca nimittatvāya kalpate (Vākyapadīya 1.66, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, I, 125).
    • yāvad iti | saṃjñāsaṃjñisaṃbandhavyutpattikāle ‘ayaṃ panasaḥ’ iti | na hi saṃjñāyās tadā so 'rthaḥ | yadi svarūpam api na pratipādayed arthavannibandhanā prātipadikasaṃjñā na syāt | tadabhāvād arthābhāvāc ca prātipadikārthanibandhanā prathamā na syāt (Paddhati ad Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.66, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 125).
yad vā sambandhavyutpattikāle gaur ayam artha ity arthajātyā śabdajāter atyantabhedāt sāmānādhikaraṇyānyathānupapattyā abhedādhyāropaḥ kalpyate | yathā gaur bāhīka iti |* anyathā saṅketasyaiva kartum aśakyatvāt | yathā cāyam anādir apauruṣeyo vācyavācakabhāvaḥ, tathādhyāropo 'pi | anyathā vācyavācakabhāva eva na ghaṭeta, yathā bauddhasya dṛśyavikalpārthaikīkāro bhedānadhyavasāyalakṣaṇaḥ, na tu yathā gaur bāhīka ity atra puruṣecchayā adhyāropaḥ | vyavahāre śabdārthayoḥ sadaivābhedāvasāyāt | katham iyaṃ prativarṇam anabhivyaktā'sādhāraṇī jātir asamasamayabhāvibhir varṇair abhivyajyata iti ced yathotkṣepaṇatvādijātir iti brūmaḥ | tathā hi― pratyekaṃ karmakṣaṇānām upavyañjakatve 'pi yaḥ prathama utkṣepaṇakṣaṇaḥ, sa paramāṇumātradeśākramaṇamātrarūpatvād bhramaṇakṣaṇāt sārūpyavaśād anavadhāryamāṇabheda ekaiko 'samartho niyatajātyabhivyañjane iti kṣaṇāntaram apekṣate |* na ca tasya bhramaṇakṣaṇād viśeṣo nāsti, upakrama evotkṣipāmīty evaṃ prayatnajanitatvāt | evaṃ gośabdam uccārayāmīty ayaṃ prayatno yady api gānagaganaśabdajanakāt prayatnād anya eva, hetubhedāc ca gakārayor api bheda eva tathāpi sādṛśyād asau duravadhāra iti vyañjako 'pi san prathamo dhvanir asphuṭam abhivyanaktīty āvartamāno 'pi na viśadatarasāmānyaviśeṣābhivyaktau hetuḥ | yadā tv avayavaprabandhaḥ krameṇopalabdho bhavati, atha śabdajātiviśeṣopādhiyuktā vyavahārā avatiṣṭhante |* tadānīṃ sāhacaryāt parasparāvacchedavaśena vilakṣaṇatayā pratibhāsanāt | yathā ca ślokaḥ sakṛt paṭhyamāno nāvadhāryate, abhyāsena tu sphuṭāvabhāsaḥ,* tathā caramacetasi cakāsti ratnatattvavat sphoṭatattvam | prathamākṣareṇa hi jāter ābhāsamātraṃ janyate, taduttarottaravarṇakalāpena* tu sphuṭatarasphuṭatamaparicchedādhānam | saṃskāraviśeṣotpādanadvāreṇābhivyaktiviśeṣasya ratnatattvādau dṛṣṭeḥ | tasmāc chabdād arthaṃ pratipadyāmahe iti vyavahārād varṇānām arthāvasāyajanakatvānupapatteḥ prakriyābhaṅgasya* prathamakāṇḍa eva vihitatvān niravayavaṃ pratyāyakaṃ śabdatattvaṃ jātivyaktibhedena bhinnaṃ sphoṭasvabhāvam evāṅgīkāryam | gaur ayam artha iti ca vācakābhedena vācyapratītes tadadhyāsakhacitavapur vyavavahāryo 'rthaḥ, tatra ca svarūpasya vācyatā prathamakāṇḍa eva nirṇītā, iha tu saṃbandhasamuddeśe 'pi nirṇeṣyate || 6 ||
    • svarūpādhyāropacikīrṣāyāṃ bāhyeṣv arthātmasu śabdārthānāṃ svarūpeṇādhiṣṭhānabhūtenārthatvāt prathamā vidhīyate | so 'yam iti ca saṃjñinā śaktyavacchedalakṣaṇaḥ saṃbandho niyamyate | tad yathā gaur vāhīkaḥ, siṃho māṇavaka iti (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.67, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 126).
    • yathaivotkṣepaṇabhramaṇarecanādīnām utpannāpavargiṇāṃ karmaviśeṣāṇāṃ na ca tāvad avayavaiḥ karmāntaram avayavisthānīyaṃ kiṃcid ārabhyate | na ca karmatvavyatirekeṇotkṣepaṇatvādīnāṃ jātiviśeṣaṇāṃ samavāyo nābhypagamyate (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.23, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 54).
    • yadā tv avayavaprabandhaḥ krameṇopalabdho bhavati, atha śabdajātiviśeṣopādhiyuktā vyavahārā avatiṣṭhante | (Vṛtti ad Vākyapadīya 1.23, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 55).
    • yathānuvākaḥ śloko vā soḍhatvam upagacchati | āvṛttyā na tu sa granthaḥ pratyāvṛtti nirūpyate (Vākyapadīya 1.82, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 148).
    • yad ekaṃ prakriyābhedair bahudhā pravibhajyate | tad_ vyākaraṇam agamya paraṃ brahmādhigamyate (Vākyapadīya 1.22, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 51).
    • avayavaprabandhaḥ iti | taduttarottaravarṇopalabdhiḥ yadā bhavati (Paddhati ad Vākyapadīya 1.23, ed. Subramania Iyer 1966, 56).
tatraitat syāt― śabdasamavāyi sāmānyaṃ vyadhikaraṇatvāt katham arthajātim abhedena vyapadiśed ity āśaṅkya nidarśanenaitad vyutpādayati―
yathā rakte guṇe tattvaṃ kaṣāye vyapadiśyate |
saṃyogisannikarṣāc ca vastrādiṣv api gṛhyate || 7 ||
tathā śabdārthasaṃbandhāc chabde jātir avasthitā |
vyapadeśe 'rthajātīnāṃ jātikāryāya kalpate || 8 ||
rakte guṇe tattvam | tasya raktasya guṇasya bhāvo raktatvaṃ lauhityasāmānyaṃ guṇavyaktisamavetam ucyate | tatsamavetasamavāyāt kaṣāye raktaguṇādhāre dravye vyapadiśyate vyapadeśāya kalpate | tadviśeṣaṇabhūtaṃ hi tat kaṣāyadravyam abhidhīyate lohitā lākṣeti | tena saṃyogino vastrādayaḥ, tayoḥ saṃyoginoḥ kaṣāyavastrayoḥ sannikarṣaḥ saṃbhedaḥ, tasmān nimittāt tatrāpi tallauhityaṃ gṛhyate | saṃyuktasamavetasamavāyād vastrādiṣv api lauhityanimitto vyapadeśaḥ, lohitaṃ vastram ity arthaḥ | tathā śabdārthasaṃbandhād iti | lohitaguṇakaṣāyadravyasaṃbandhasthānīyāt samānādhikaraṇatayāvasthitāt svābhāvikāt tathā kevalaṃ vyutpattikāle nirjñātāt tadanyathānupapattyaivādhyāropasya kalpanāt saṃbandhād eva śabdajātyā vyapadeśaḥ | artho 'trārthajātiḥ, tasyā eva vācyatvaprakramāt | vyapadeśe kalpate svarūpābhedena | jātikāryāya kalpate | jātyādiśabde jātiṣu vācakatvena pravartamāne sthitā jātir na kevalaṃ vyapadeśāya kalpate yāvaj jātikāryāya ca | atha vā vyapadeśe sati jātikāryāya kalpata ity arthaḥ | niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyānīty* arthajātīnāṃ svato jātirahitatve tatkāryaṃ śabdapratyayānuvṛttilakṣaṇam | śabdārthayoḥ so 'yam ity abhedena saṃbandhāc chabdasamavāyinī jātir arthenādhyāropitābhedaṃ saṃpādayantī tadātmanā saṃpadyata ity upacaryate | vyaktirūpe ca śabde jāteḥ samavāyo na tu varṇeṣv iti avasthitā ity upapadyate | varṇānāṃ hi yaugapadyābhāvād avācakatvam iti kathaṃ tatra śabdajāteḥ samavāyaḥ syāt | kevalaṃ sphoṭasya jātivyaktibhedena darśanadvayam iti vyaktisphoṭe jātiḥ samavetā | arthabhedena hi bhinnasya nityasya śabdasyābhinnābhidhānapratyayahetur jātir avaśyābhyupagantavyā | ata eva jātyācchuritāyā vyakter eva vācakatvam | upalakṣaṇabhūtā tu jātir āśrīyata iti katham atrānanuyāyinyā vyakter vācakatvam iti na codanīyam |
    • yadā viśuddhā evārthajātayaḥ śabdair abhidhīyanta ity āśrīyate tadāpi sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ jātyādiśabdā api tadā jātivācina eva | nanu niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyānīti siddhāntāt | kathaṃ jātyādiśabdā api jātyādhāraṃ jātim abhidadadhyur ity āha― ‘vyāpāralakṣaṇāḥ’ iti | vyāpāraḥ kāryaṃ prayojanaṃ tad eva lakṣyate 'neneti lakṣaṇaṃ hetur yeṣāṃ padapratyāyyānām arthānāṃ te tathā niyamitasvarūpaḥ | ayam āśayaḥ | vaiśeṣikādīnāṃ bhavantu niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyāni.... vaiyākaraṇānāṃ śabdārtho 'rtha ity abhyupeyatām anvayirūpāvacchedena śābdasya pratyayasyotpatter jātiṣv api jātir aviruddhābhyupagamyā (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Jātisamuddeśa 11, ed. Subramania Iyer 1926, 23-24).
    • niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyādītisāmānyānīti suprasiddhatvāt | na hi ghaṭe ghaṭatvapārthivatve staḥ iti ghaṭatvasāmānye 'pi pārthivatvasāmānyam astīti śakyate vaktum (Nyāyamañjarī āhnika 3, ed. Varadacharya 1969, I, 570).
śabdārthasaṃbandhaś cātra yogyatālakṣaṇo 'bhipretaḥ | sarvo hi śabdaḥ saṃjñātvena niyujyamānaḥ sarvatrārthe yogyatālakṣaṇena saṃbandhena saṃbaddhaḥ | kevalaṃ śaktyavacchedamātre saṃjñākartur vyāpāro na tv apūrvasaṃketakaraṇe, arthasaṃbandhasyāpauruṣeyatvāt | evaṃ cādaikṣu vṛddhiśabdo nāpūrva eva saṃketita iti sarveṣām anekārthatvād vaktṛbhedād vānekatve samānākārapratyayanibandhanajātir eṣaṇīyā | tad yathākāśasya saṃyogibhedena kalpitabhedasyānekatve saty ākāśatvaṃ lakṣyate | na caivaṃ sarvasmāt sarvārthapratītiprasaṅgaḥ, prasiddhivaśenārthapratīteḥ kutracic ca kasyacit prasiddhatvāt | prasiddhānāṃ cārthānām arthaprakaraṇādayo vibhāgahetava uktāḥ |* tad yathā gośabdena navasv artheṣu sannihiteṣv api prakaraṇādeḥ pratiniyatārthāvasāyaḥ | tad evaṃ śabdajātyā śabdavyaktir vācikā prathamam abhedena vyapadiśyate, tato 'rthajātiḥ, tatas tadvyaktir ity ayaṃ vāstavaḥ kramaḥ, pratyāyane tv akramataiva |
    • vākyāt_ prakaraṇād arthād aucityād deśakālataḥ | śabdārthāḥ pravibhajyante na rūpād eva kevalāt || saṃsargo viprayogaś ca sāhacaryaṃ virodhitā | arthaḥ prakaraṇaṃ liṅgaṃ śabdasyānyasya sannidhiḥ || sāmarthyam aucitī deśaḥ kālo vyaktiḥ svarādayaḥ | śabdārthasyānavacchede viśeṣasmṛtihetavaḥ (Vākyapadīya 2.314-316, ed. Subramania Iyer 1983, 272-273).
śabdācchuritatve 'pi cārthasya na svarūpavyapagamaḥ | yathā hy ālokācchurito 'pi ghaṭo na svarūpeṇa tirobhavati, evaṃ śabdasvarūpoparakto 'rthaḥ | svarūpāropeṇa śabdālokayor arthaprakāśakatvasyaivaṃvidhasya dṛṣṭeḥ | yathā ca gaur bāhīka ity atra na gotvamātraṃ pratīyate, api tv adhyāropitagorūpo bāhīkaḥ, evam ihāpi, na tu sphaṭikamaṇāv ivārthe śabdajāteḥ samāveśo vivakṣitaḥ, tasyaiva bāhīkavat pratyāyyatvāt | svābhāvikaś cāyam arthapratyāyane śabdānām abhedasaṃbandho 'bhyupāya iti pratipādyo 'pi tathaiva pratipadyate | na hi puruṣādhīnam etat | anādau saṃsāre 'nenaiva prakāreṇa saṃbandhavyutpatteḥ ko 'tra niyato 'dhyāropayitā kalpyatām | avyutpannasaṃketasyāpi cābhinnapratyayotpatter arthajātir apy astīti na śabdajātir evādhyāropitāstv iti vācyam | śābdī ceyam evaṃvidhā pratītir iti cākṣuṣeṇa raktādipratyayena nidarśanabhūtena vyutpāditā | vastusanniveśitvābhāve 'pi ca śabdajāter ayam anādir adhyāropo rūḍhaḥ | sadaiva vyavahāre śabdārthayor abhedāvasāyād, bhedasyāpi ca gaur bāhīka itivat pratibhānān mithyājñānam idaṃ na bhavati | prāk ca saṃbandhasaṃvedanasamayād arthajātayo bhedenāvabhānty eva | avyutpannasaṃketasya bālakasya puro 'vasthiteṣu sāsnādimatsu piṇḍeṣv abhinnaḥ pratyaya utpadyate, tadā vācakasannidhānābhāvād abhinnapratyayahetur arthajātir avadhāryate | ata eva kathaṃ bhedenānirdhāritāyām arthajātau śabdajātiḥ samāropyetetyādi na codanīyam || 7, 8 ||
jātikāryāya kalpata ity uktam evārtham abhivyanakti―
jātiśabdaikaśeṣe sā jātīnāṃ jātir iṣyate |
śabdajātaya ity atra tajjātiś śabdajātiṣu || 9 ||
ākṛtyabhidhānād vaikaṃ vibhaktau vājapyāyanaḥ*
iti jātipakṣe pratyākhyānād ekaśeṣasya tatphalam ekaśabdaprayogaḥ, atra ekaśeṣa uktaḥ | sahavivakṣā vaikaśeṣeṇa lakṣyate | jātiśabdaikaśeṣe prasakta iti vā yojanīyam | sā iti śabdajātiḥ | arthajātīnām abhedena pratyavasyamānā jātiśabdagatā jātir ekaśabdatvaṃ saṃpādayati jātikāryam | tad yathā gāvo vṛkṣā ityādir abhinnasāmānyanibandhanas tadekārthasamavāyāt samāśritaviśiṣṭasaṅkhya ekaśabdaprayogaḥ | tathā jātaya imā ity ayam api jātyāśrayāparajātyabhāvād vācakajātyadhyāsāśraya upapadyate | śabdagataṃ ca sāmānyaṃ jātikāryam uparacayatīty ucyate, na tv arthajātiṣv eveti niyamaḥ kenacit kriyata iti | yadā śabdajātayo 'pi pratyāyyāḥ, tadā āsv apy abhidhānagataṃ jātikāryāya kalpata evety āha śabdajātaya ity atra iti | tajjātiḥ śabdajātiḥ, śabdagataṃ sāmānyam | śabdajātaya imā ity atraikaśabdaprayoge tasyoccaritasya śabdajātiśabdasya yā jātiḥ sā śabdajātiṣu gośabdatvādikāsu vyaktisthānīyāsu pratipādyāsv abhinnaśabdaprayoganibandhanam ity arthaḥ || 9 ||
    • ākṛtyabhidhānād vaikaṃ vibhaktau vājapyāyanaḥ (Vārttika 8 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.2.64, ed Kielhorn 1880, I, 242).
yady evaṃ śabdajātiśabdagatānām api jātīnām anyā vācakajātis tāsām apy anyety anavasthāprasaṅga ity āśaṅkyāha―
yā śabdajātiśabdeṣu śabdebhyo bhinnalakṣaṇā |
jātis sā śabdajātitvam avyatikramya vartate || 10 ||
prayoktṛbhedād bahuṣu śabdajātiśabdeṣu abhinnapratyayanibandhanaṃ yā jātis tebhya eva śabdebhyaḥ svāśrayabhūtebhyo bhinnasvabhāvā sā gośabdatvādiśabdajātivargāntaḥpātinī, na tu vyapadeśāntarārhā | śabdajātiśabdasyāpi gośabdatvādivat śabdajātaya ity anenaivaikaśabdaprayogeṇa sāpi pratyāyyata iti na prayogānavasthāpattir ity abhiprāyaḥ || 10 ||
tad evaṃ svanikāyasiddhādhyāsadarśanāśrayeṇa sārvatrikī jātipadārthavyavasthā darśitā | svarūpabhūtā hi jātiḥ sarveṣāṃ śabdānām antaraṅgatvād asādhāraṇatvād aheyatvāc ca prathamaṃ pratipādyā | idānīm adhyāsānāśrayeṇāpi prauḍhivāditayā jātipadārthavyāptim upapādayitum āha―
arthajātyabhidhāne 'pi sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ |
vyāpāralakṣaṇā yasmāt padārthāḥ samavasthitāḥ || 11 ||*
    • niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyānīti siddhāntāt | etac ca vaiśeṣikasiddhāntāśrayenoktam | yadā sāmānyeṣv aparāṇi sāmānyānīṣyante vaiyākaraṇaiḥ, yathoktam― “arthajātyabhidhāne 'pi sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ | vyāpāralakṣaṇā yasmāt padārthāḥ samavasthitāḥ ||” na hi śāstrāntaraparidṛṣṭā jātivyavasthā niyogato vaiyākaraṇair abhyupetavyā | pratyayābhidhānānvayavyāpārakāryonnīyamānarūpā hi jātayo na hi tāsām iyattā kācit | ato yac coditakāryadarśanāt_ sāmānyādhārā jātiḥ satī jātaya ity asyāḥ śrūter nibandhanam iti | vyāpāralakṣaṇā iti abhidhānapratyayavyāpārato vyavasthitalakṣaṇā ity arthaḥ (Pañjikā ad Tattvasaṃgraha 1132, ed. Krishnamacharya 1926, I, 348).
    • jātiṣv api vā vyaktitayā svātantryeṇa sṛṣṭāsu jātir aparā saṃbhavaty eva ātmādivikalpeṣu iva ādyantaram | tathāha tatrabhavān
      ‘anupravṛttidharmo vā jātiḥ syāt sarvajātiṣu |’ (vā॰ pa॰ 3|14)
      iti,
      ‘jātiśabdaikadeśe sā jātīnāṃ jātir iṣyate |’ (vā॰ pa॰ 3|9)
      iti,
      ‘arthajātyabhidhāne 'pi sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ |
      vyāpāralakṣaṇā yasmāt padārthāḥ samavasthitāḥ ||’ (vā॰ pa॰ 2|11)
      iti ca       (Īśvarapratyabhijñāvivṛtivimarśinī, ed. Kaul Shāstrī, II, 28-29).
anyathā vātra saṃbandhaḥ | tathā hi― astu śabdajāter arthajātīnāṃ jātikāryam, sambandhavyutpattis tu na ghaṭate | yatra hi saṃketas tatra śabdajātir adhyasyate | sa eva tv anekatvād arthajātīnāṃ sāmānyāntaram antareṇa na saṃbhavatīty āha― arthajātyabhidhāne 'pi ityādi | yadā viśuddhā evārthajātayaḥ śabdair abhidhīyanta ity āśrīyate tadāpi sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ jātyādiśabdā api tadā jātivācina eva | nanu nissāmānyāni sāmānyānīti siddhāntāt kathaṃ jātyādiśabdā api jātyādhārāṃ jātim abhidadhyur ity āha― vyāpāralakṣaṇāḥ iti | vyāpāraḥ kāryaṃ prayojanaṃ, tad eva lakṣyate 'neneti lakṣaṇaṃ hetuḥ, yeṣāṃ padapratyāyyānām arthānāṃ te tathā niyamitasvarūpāḥ | ayam āśayaḥ― vaiśeṣikādīnāṃ bhavantu niḥsāmānyāni sāmānyāni | tāni hi vyaktiṣv anvayapratyayāvaseyāni paropādhirūpāṇi* svatantravyaktivadidantāvabhāsitvābhāvāt sāmānyāntareṇa nopādhīyante | vaiyākaraṇānāṃ tu śabdārtho 'rtha ity abhyupayatām anvayirūpāvacchedena śābdasya pratyayasyotpatter jātiṣv api jātir aviruddhābhyupagamyā | etad eva hi vyaktiṣv api jātyabhyupagame nimittam ity atrāpi tathābhyupagame kaḥ pradveṣaḥ | pratyakṣā api ca padārthāḥ svakāryaṃ vijñānādikaṃ kurvantaḥ santīti vyavahriyante, kiṃ punaḥ śabdavācyāḥ padārthā iti sāmānyavacanād dravyādayo 'pi śabdavācyatvenaiva lakṣyante | śabdapramāṇakānāṃ hi yac chabda āha tat paramārtharūpam |* tathā cānvayirūpeṇa guṇo 'py abhidhīyamāno jātir eva | yathopamānasamāse śyāmādiḥ | tathā ca
upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ*
ity ucyate |
    • bhinnā iti paropādhir abhinnā iti vā punaḥ | bhāvātmasu prapañco 'yaṃ saṃsṛṣṭeṣv eva jāyate (Jātisamuddeśa 20, ed. Subramania Iyer 1963, 33).
    • upamānāni sāmānyavacanaiḥ (Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.1.55).
    • śabdapramāṇakā vayam | yac chabda āha tad asmākaṃ pramāṇam (Mahābhāṣya ad Vārttika 5 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 2.1.1, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 366).
    • śabdalakṣaṇe ca hi karmaṇi yac chabda āha, tad asmākaṃ pramāṇam, yathā paśum ālabheta ity ukta eka eva paśuḥ pumāṃś cālabhyate (Śābarabhāṣya ad Mīmāṃsāsūtra 3.1.11, ed. Maheśachandra Nyáyaratna 1873, I, 225).
evaṃ kriyāpy abhedenābhidhīyamānā jātiḥ | tathedaṃ tad iti svātantryeṇa viśeṣyatayābhidhīyamānā jātiguṇakriyā api dravyam iti* yathāvasaram agre nirṇeṣyata eva | etac ca laukikavyavahārānuguṇyena śāstre 'smin vyutpādyate | śāstrāntaraprasiddhā hi vyavasthā lokaviruddhā | loke hi ‘gavi śṛṅgam’, ‘vṛkṣe śākhā’ iti vyavahāraḥ | tathaiva ca vyākaraṇe 'py ādhārasaptamī | śāstrāntare tv avayaveṣv avayavīti ‘śṛṅge gauḥ’, śākhāyāṃ vṛkṣaḥ’ iti syāt | itthaṃ ca śabdābhidheyasyehārthatvāt sarve jātyabhidhāyinaḥ, yasmāc chabdavyāpāreṇa padārthā lakṣyante | yady api bahir vastūni na santi tathāpi śabdais tathā pratyāyyante, ato 'bhidhāvyāpāravaśād anvayirūpeṇa pratyāyanād vyāptir jātau padārthe siddhety eṣo 'py arthaḥ || 11 ||
    • tathā ca jātyādir api viśeṣyatvena ced vivakṣitas tadā dravyam iti (Prakīrṇsaprakāśa ad Bhūyodravyasamuddeśa 3, ed. Subramania Iyer 1963, 188).
abhidhāvyāpāralakṣaṇatvam eva vyaktayati―
⸤jātau padārthe jātir vā viśeṣo vāpi jātivat |
śabdair apekṣyate yasmād atas te jātivācinaḥ || 12 ||
jātau padārthe iti pakṣāvacchedaṃ karoti | atra hi pakṣe sarva eva śabdo jātivācīty abhyupagantavyam | bhavatu, mā vā bhūj jātiṣu jātiḥ | śabdais tu jātir vyatiriktayā jātyaikasvabhāvaiva apekṣyate, pratyāyyatvenāṅgīkriyate | svālakṣaṇyena hi vastūnāṃ bhedaḥ śabdaiḥ spraṣṭuṃ na śakyate, anvayirūpāveśena sambandhavyutpattau śabdasya vācakatvāt | tathā ca jātīnām itaretarabhedo vastu san nābhidhīyate, api tv abhedakalpena tā abhidhīyante | abhedaś ca sāmānyam iti siddham ekaśabdatvam, jātaya iti |
tathā yo 'pi viśeṣaḥ saṃjñāśabdānāṃ vācyaḥ pratītiniyataḥ so 'pi jātivat prasiddhajātyā tulyam, apekṣyate śabdaiḥ | tatrāpi bālyakaumārādyavasthābhedaḥ śabdena na spṛśyate, api tv avasthātṛrūpam evānugatam, tad dhi pratyabhijñāpratyayanimittaṃ tatrāvaśyābhyupagantavyam |* ato yasmāj jātivat sarvam apekṣyate śabdais tasmāj jātiṃ viśeṣaṃ vā pratipādayantaḥ sarve jātyabhidhāyina iti jātyabhidhānavyāptiṃ nigamayati | itthaṃ ca saṃjñāśabdānām api jātivādimate jātiśabdatvam ity ekaiva śabdānāṃ pravṛttiḥ || 12 ||
    • athavānākṛtiḥ saṃjñā | ākṛtimantaḥ saṃjñinaḥ | loke 'pi hy ākṛtimato māṃsapiṇḍasya devadatta iti saṃjñā kriyate (Mahābhāṣya ad Vārttika 6 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.1, ed. Kielhorn 1880, I, 38).
    • evaṃ ḍitthe 'pi yad utpattiprabhṛtyā vināśāt_ eva tad_ bhavaty ayaṃ ḍittho 'yaṃ ḍittha iti | bālyakaumārayauvanasthāvireṣv abhinnaḥ sa evāyam iti saṃpratyayaḥ sā ākṛtiḥ śabdavācyā (Dīpikā ad Mahābhāṣya Paspaśāhnika, ed. Bronkhorst 1987, 15).
    • ākṛtimanta iti | avasthābhedeṣv api sa evāyam iti pratyabhijñānimittaṃ devadattatvādikaṃ sāmānyam astīty ākṛtimata ity uktam (Pradīpa ad Mahābhāṣya ad Vārttika 6 ad Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.1.1, ed. Bhikaji Josi 1987, ..).
    • saṃjñāśabdānām apy utpattiprabhṛtyā vināśāt piṇḍasya kaumārayauvanādyavasthābhede 'pi sa evāyam ity abhinnapratyayanimittā ḍitthatvādikā jātir vācyā (Pradīpa ad Mahābhāṣya Paspaśāḥnika, ed. Bhikaji Josi 1987, ...).
    • saṃjñāśabdānām utpattiprabhṛtyā vināśāc chaiśavakaumārayauvanādyavasthābhede pi sa evāyam ity abhinnapratyayabalāt siddhā devadattatvādijātir jātir abhyupagantavyā (Sarvadarśanasaṃgraha, ed. Śāstrī Abhyankar 1924, 307-308).
evaṃ darśanāntare 'pi śabdavyāpārāśrayaṇa eva vyāptisiddhir ity āha―
dravyadharmā padārthe tu dravye sarvo 'rtha ucyate |
dravyadharmāśrayād dravyam ataḥ sarvo 'rtha iṣyate || 13 ||
na kevalaṃ mayaiva jātipadārthavādinaitad aṅgīkṛtaṃ sarvo 'rtho jātir iti, yāvad dravye api padārthe, dravyapadārthapakṣe 'pi dravyadharmā sarvo 'rtha ucyate, kutaḥ ? dravyadharmāṇām āśrayaṇāt | dravyam ataḥ sarvo 'rtha iṣyate | vyāptir ataḥ siddhā bhavatīty arthaḥ | dravyavādināpy etad abhyupetavyaṃ vyāptisiddhaye | śabdena yo 'rtha ucyate sarvo 'sau dravyadharmayukta evety abhiprāyaḥ | yathā tava dravyavādinaḥ kecid eva śabdā mukhyadravyābhidhāyinas tadanye tūpacaritadravyābhidhāyinaḥ tathā mamāpi jātivādino mukhyāṃ jātim abhidadhati kecit, upacaritām anya iti matadvaye 'pi sāmyam | tatra dravyadharmā idaṃ tad iti pratyavamarśayogyatvam, pariniṣpannatā, svātantryam, liṅgasaṅkhyāyogaś cety evam ādayaḥ | teṣāṃ śuklādiguṇeṣv apy adhyāropāt te 'pi dravyasyeva dharmo yeṣām iti dravyadharmāṇaḥ | tathā hi― śuklo nīlaṃ strīpuṃnapuṃsakāni sattvaguṇāḥ | tathaikatvādayaś cetyādibhiḥ śabdaiḥ pratyāyyamānā guṇādayo dravyadharmāṇaḥ svātantryādirūpeṇāvabhāsanta iti* sarvo 'rtho dravyarūpeṇābhidhīyate || 13 ||
    • yathā ca nirupādhino dravyasya prakarṣo nāsti tathā dravyān niṣkṛṣtasya svatantryasya guṇasyāpi śuklataraṃ rūpataraṃ rūpam iti svataḥ prakarṣo nāsti, api tu tadavasthāyāṃ dravyāyamāṇatvād_ guṇasyāparasaṃsargidharmāntaranimitta eva prakarṣa iti (Prakīrṇaprakāśa ad Guṇasamuddeśa 3, ed. Subramania Iyer 1963, 204).
evaṃ śabdavyāpārāśrayeṇa vyāptir upapāditā | adhunā vaiśeṣikadṛṣṭyāpy arthagatasamānadharmāśrayeṇa jātipadārthavyāptim āha―
anupravṛttidharmo vā jātis syāt sarvajātiṣu |
vyāvṛttidharmasāmānyaṃ viśeṣe jātir iṣyate || 14 ||
jātīnām etaj jātitvaṃ yeyaṃ svāśrayānuvṛttiḥ sarvajātīnāṃ sādhāraṇo dharmaḥ | sā ca tābhyo 'nanyāpi sādṛśyād abhedena parāmṛṣṭā satī sarvāsāṃ jātiḥ | sarvaiva hi jātiḥ svavyaktīr anuvartate | upalakṣaṇaṃ caiṣa dharmaḥ | tena svānurūpapratyayajanakatvam, yadbalād dravyaṃ tadrūpam ābhāti; svānurūpābhidhānahetutvam, yadvaśād dravyaṃ tadrūpābhidhānavācyaṃ bhavati; pratyāśrayaṃ ca sarvātmanā parisamāptiḥ, sādhāraṇo jātidharmaḥ | yadi bhāgaśo jātir varteta tadā bhāgaśa eva gotvādipratyayaḥ syāt | saṃpūrṇaś ca viṣāṇādyavayavadarśane 'pi jhaṭiti gotvākāraḥ pratyayaḥ prasūyate | pratyāśrayaparisamāptā api ca guṇāḥ pratidravyaṃ bhinnāḥ, jātis tv ekaivety evam ādayo 'pi sādhāraṇā dharmā vācyāḥ | yathā ca gotvādijātis sarvā vyaktīr vyāpnoti tathaite dharmāḥ sarvajātīr vyāpnuvantīti jātyā tulyarūpatvāj jātikāryāya kalpante | evaṃ sarva eva viśeṣā vyāvartante | anyathānugamāt sāmānyāni syur na viśeṣā iti sarvaviśeṣeṣu sādhāraṇī vyāvṛttiḥ sāmānyasamo dharmo bhavaṃs teṣu jātiḥ ity ucyate |
nanv evaṃ gopiṇḍeṣv api sāsnālāṅgūlakhurakakudaviṣāṇādyavayavasaṃbandhasya sādhāraṇatvāt saiva jātir astu | maivam | sāsnādimattvena sāsnādimānityādipratyayo jāyate na tu gaur gaur iti | anurūpaṃ hi kāryaṃ kāraṇaṃ kalpayati, tad yathā daṇḍīti pratyaye daṇḍasaṃbandho nimittaṃ na tu daṇḍopāditsā | yady evam anupravṛttāv api na jātir jātir iti pratyayo yuktaḥ, vyāvṛttyā ca viśeṣo viśeṣa iti | naitad evam | gatyantarābhāvād atra sadṛśā eva dharmā jātiḥ kalpate, mukhye jātimattve bādhakopapatteḥ | tathā hi― sāmānyeṣv aparasāmānyasamavāye 'navasthādibādhakam anyatra nirṇītam | nityadravyavṛttiṣu vyāvṛttipratyayajanakeṣu viśeṣeṣu sāmānyābhyupagame saṃśayāpanodāya viśeṣāntarakalpane teṣām api sāmānyasamavāye sandehaviṣayatvād viśeṣāntarābhyupagame 'navasthāprasaṅgaḥ | atha kaścin niḥsāmānyo 'sti viśeṣaḥ, tadā tadaviśeṣāt sarve 'pi tathā syur ity anyatra vistareṇoktam | gopiṇḍeṣu sāmānyābhyupagame na kiñcid bādhakam iti na tatra yathākathañcin nimittaṃ parikalpyam | tad evaṃ yatra jātyabhyupagame pramāṇabādhāsti tatra sadṛśadharmarūpā jātiḥ | tathā cābhāveṣv api sāmānyābhyupagame bhāvatvāpatter abhavanātmakadharmasāmānyād anvayipratyayaviṣayateti saiva tatrāpi jātiḥ || 14 ||
sarvaśabdaviṣayatvam evābhivyanakti —
tāṃ prātipadikārthaṃ ca dhātvarthaṃ ca pracakṣate |
sā nityā sā mahān ātmā tām āhus tvatalādayaḥ || 34 ||
sarvabhāveṣu sadrūpaṃ sāmānyam anugatam | abhāvasyāpi buddhyākāreṇa nirūpaṇāt, mahāsattayānayāviyogāt prātipadikamātravācyā sattā | tad uktam —
prātipadikārthaḥ sattā
iti dhātubhir api sādhanādhīnalabdhajanmasu kriyāvyaktiṣu samavetā yathopādhyupagṛhītanānātvā sattaivābhidheyatvam āpadyate | siddhasādhyarūpārthadvayātmanā ca tasyā eva vṛttes tadapararāśyabhāvāt sarvaśabdaviṣayatvaṃ sattāyāḥ | pratyayabhāgenāpy atra yathāyathaṃ saṅkhyākārakādyupādhiviśiṣṭā sattaivābhidhīyate | sā codayavyayarahitatvāt nityā, satpratyayasya sarvadānuvṛtteḥ |
ete sattāmātrasyātmano mahataḥ ṣaḍ viśeṣapariṇāmāḥ, yat tat paraṃ viśeṣebhyo liṅgamātraṃ mahattattvam, tasminn ete sattāmātre mahaty ātmany avasthāya vivṛddhikāṣṭhām anubhavanti | pratisaṃsṛjyamānāś ca tasminn eva sattāmātre mahaty ātmany avasthāya yat tan niḥsattāsattaṃ niḥsadasad avyaktam aliṅgaṃ tasmin pratiyanti
ity evaṃ sāṅkhye buddhitattvaṃ mahacchabdavācyam ādyaṃ jagatkāraṇaṃ nirdiṣṭam ity ato 'nantarasya vikāragrāmasya kāraṇarūpānugamāt sattārūpatvam aviruddham iti sattārūpaṃ sarvaṃ jagadākhyātaṃ bhavatīti sattādvaitavādaḥ sāṅkhyanayenāpy upabṛṃhitaḥ | evaṃ ca sarvaśabdavācyā sattā śabdapravṛttinimittabhūteti yathāyathaṃ bhinnopādhir bhāvapratyayābhidheyā saiva | nanv evaṃ gotvam iti prakṛtipratyayayor ekārthatāprasaṅgaḥ | naitat | upādhibhedena sattāyā bhedāt | prātipadikena gavāśrayāyās tasyā abhidhānam, pratyayena tu niṣkṛṣṭāśrayasya sāmānyasyābhidhety adoṣaḥ | prakṛtyarthanimittaś ca bhāvapratyayabheda iti na sāṅkaryaprasaṅgaḥ || 34 ||